Use of Visual Aids in Teaching Basic Taekwondo Techniques to Children

Pre-Experimental Study in Chiildren

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to analyze the influence of visual aids on the learning of basic taekwondo techniques in children aged 4 to 7. A quantitative, pre-experimental design with pre- and post-test measurements was used with a group of students from a sports training school. During the intervention, illustrated visual aids were used as a pedagogical resource for teaching basic taekwondo defenses. The results showed moderate improvements in the technical execution of the evaluated movements, as well as a significant increase in the participants' levels of attention and motivation. However, it was not possible to establish a direct relationship between the technical improvement and the exclusive use of visual aids. It is concluded that this resource constitutes a relevant pedagogical strategy for strengthening motivation and interest in learning at an early age, although its impact on technical execution depends on additional factors, such as repeated practice and the instructor's pedagogical guidance.

Keywords: Visual aids, Taekwondo, Sports education, Pedagogy, Learning

References

Bernal, M.E., y Roa Díaz, A.E. (2017). La lectura de imágenes como estrategia pedagógica para mejorar el proceso de comprensión lectora literal en niños de grado segundo jornada mañana del Colegio Marsella I. E. D [Tesis de maestría. Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia]. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12494/33965

Bernal-Torres, C.A., Hoyos, J.D., Fracica, G., y Fernández-Otoya, F.A. (2020). Uso del video en el aprendizaje del taekwondo: estudio en niños en edad escolar. Información Tecnológica, 31(1), 311-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642020000100311

Bozorov, A. (2024). A comparative review of Taekwondo training techniques for children in Central Asia and the USA. American Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Research, 4(7). https://www.theusajournals.com/index.php/ajsshr/article/view/3359

Bridge, C.A., Ferreira, J., Chaabène, H., Pieter, W., y Franchini, E. (2014). Physical and physiological profiles of taekwondo athletes. Sports Medicine, 44(6), 713-733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0159-9

Campbell, D., y Stanley, J. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Houghton Mifflin.

Carvalhinho, L., y Mata, L. (2020). Modelos de formação desportiva para crianças e jovens: uma análise no Taekwondo. Revista da UIIPS, 8(2), 123–135. https://revistas.rcaap.pt/uiips/article/view/19315

Cho, S.Y., Kim, Y.I., y Roh, H.T. (2017). Effects of taekwondo intervention on cognitive function and academic self-efficacy in children. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29(4), 713–715. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.29.713

Copello, M., Alverdi, D., y Fuentes, N. (2013). Sistema de orientaciones metodológicas para los deportes de combate en la categoría 13-14 años. Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, 18(181). https://www.efdeportes.com/efd181/orientaciones-para-los-deportes-de-combate.htm

Creswell, J.W., y Creswell, J.D. (2018). Research design: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage.

Diamond, A., y Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children. Science, 333(6045), 959–964. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1204529

Guillén, L., Copello, M., Gutierrez, M., y Guerra, R. (2018). Metodología para el perfeccionamiento del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los elementos técnicos-tácticos en los deportes de combate. Retos, 34, 33–39. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i34.58752

He, J. (2025). Experimental study on implementing happy physical education in Taekwondo teaching. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, 98(1), 45-49. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/2025.26136

Hernández, R., Fernández, C., y Baptista, P. (2014). Metodología de la investigación (6ª ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Herruzo Viñas, M. (2008). El pictograma como recursos didácticos en la escuela. ED.UCO: Revista de Investigación, 3, 249–270. http://hdl.handle.net/10396/19654

Kusrin, J., Shapie, MNM, Hakim, MIHM, Nor, MAM, Taib, MG, Linoby, A., y Muhyi, M. (2022). The effectiveness of hand-body observation and manipulation methods on Taekwondo Taegeuk learning among primary school children. Ido Movement for Culture: Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology. https://www.imcjournal.com/index.php/en/volume-xxii-2022/contents-number-2s/1776

Mayer, R. (2009). Multimedia learning. Cambridge University Press.

OpenAI (2025). ChatGPT (versión GPT-5.1) [Modelo de lenguaje grande]. https://chat.openai.com/

Paivio, A. (1991). Dual coding theory: retrospect and current status. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 45(3), 255–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0084295

Rodríguez, G., Camejo, C., y Martínez, O. (2020). Aplicación de la metodología para favorecer la enseñanza aprendizaje de la técnica de pateo mondolyo dwit furio chagui en los taekwondistas de la categoría 9-10 años. Olimpia, 17, 274-285. https://revistas.udg.co.cu/index.php/olimpia/pt_BR/article/view/1467

Schmidt, R., y Lee, T. (2019). Motor learning and performance: from principles to application. Human Kinetics.

Schnotz, W., y Bannert, M. (2003). Construction and interference in learning from multiple representations. Learning and Instruction, 13(2), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4752(02)00017-8

Song, X., Wang, D., Wang, D., Chen, C., y Wang, Z. (2026). The effect of Taekwondo structured training on attention in 7–8-year-old children: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 18(130). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01570-7

Tamayo, M. (2002). El proceso de la investigación científica. Limusa.

Thomas, J., Nelson, J., y Silverman, S. (2015). Research methods in physical activity (7th ed.). Human Kinetics.

Zapata Morales, K.A. (2023). Métodos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el taekwondo: una revisión sistemática. GADE: Revista Científica, 3(1), 72-89. https://doi.org/10.63549/rg.v3i1.185

Published
2026-08-02
How to Cite
García Contreras, L. C. (2026). Use of Visual Aids in Teaching Basic Taekwondo Techniques to Children: Pre-Experimental Study in Chiildren. Lecturas: Educación Física Y Deportes, 31(339), 87-101. https://doi.org/10.46642/efd.v31i339.8841
Section
Research Articles