Efectos del ejercicio físico en el sistema inmunológico, el cáncer y COVID-19: una revisión integradora
Resumen
Investigar información científica actualizada sobre los efectos del ejercicio físico sobre el sistema inmunológico, el cáncer y el COVID-19 es el objetivo de esta revisión. Método: Revisión integrativa utilizando como palabras clave: immunology, physical exercice, cancer y COVID. La búsqueda se realizó entre el 4 de mayo de 2020 y el 31 de julio de 2020 en el Portal de Capes, en las bases de datos Scielo, Medline, Lilacs, Pubmed, Science Direct y Bireme y en el buscador Google Scholar, correspondiente al período comprendido entre 2000 y 2020. Los estudios fueron clasificados según la relevancia del tema, revisados por pares, en idiomas: portugués, español, italiano e inglés. Los criterios de inclusión fueron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, revisiones sistemáticas, revisiones bibliográficas, capítulos de libros, investigación experimental y gráfico científico que investigó los efectos del ejercicio físico sobre el cáncer y COVID-19, y como criterios de exclusión. estudios centrados exclusivamente en aspectos nutricionales, dentales y psicológicos. Resultados: utilizando los términos Immunology AND Physical Exercice AND Cancer, se encontraron 1637 artículos; al utilizar: Immunology OR Physical Exercice AND Cancer, se encontraron 8535 artículos. Con el término COVID, solo se encontraron 4 artículos. Para fundamentación teórica se seleccionaron las 24 (veinticuatro) publicaciones más relevantes. Conclusiones: el sistema inmunológico es ciertamente estimulado por ejercicios de intensidad suave y moderada, y se demostró que ejercicios vigorosos son efectivos para mejorar el afrontamiento del cáncer. Se debe fomentar el ejercicio físico regular en personas asintomáticas por COVID-19. Debe evitarse la inmovilidad, debido al riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV).
Referencias
Anzeneder, S., Benzing, V. J., Pompei, L., & Schmidt, M. (2020). Physical and mental health outcomes of physical exercise training in young cancer inpatients and survivors-a systematic review of RCTs. Kind, Sport und Gesundheit, 12. SGS-Jahrestagung. Basel. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.144444
Campbell, K. L., Zadravec, K., Bland, K. A., Chesley, E., Wolf, F., & Janelsins, M. C. (2020). The Effect of Exercise on Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment and Applications for Physical Therapy: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Physical Therapy, 100(3), 523-542. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzz090
Cataldi, S., Greco, G., Mauro, M., & Fischetti, F. (2020). Effect of exercise on cancer-related fatigue: A systematic review. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise,16(3). Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.163.01
Crossetti, M. D. G. O. (2012). Revisão integrativa de pesquisa na enfermagem: o rigor científico que lhe é exigido. Revista gaúcha de enfermagem, 33(2), 08-09. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-14472012000200001
Del-Rosal-Jurado, A., Romero-Galisteo, R., Trinidad-Fernández, M., González-Sánchez, M., Cuesta-Vargas, A., & Ruiz-Muñoz, M. (2020). Therapeutic Physical Exercise Post-Treatment in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 1239. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041239
Demirci, U., Ozdemir, H., Demirbag-Kabayel, D., Umit, E.G., & Demir, A.M. (2020). Reducing the Risk of Venous Thrombosis During Self-Isolation and COVID-19 Pandemic for Patients with Cancer: Focus on Home Exercises Prescription. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost , 26. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1177/1076029620933947
Duarte, D. A., & Brandão, D. (2010). Achados Sobre a Influência do Exercício Físico na Fisiologia Imunitária. Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde,1,10-18. Recuperado de: https://www.acervosaude.com.br/doc/artigo_004.pdf
Duarte, D. A., & de Melo-Almeida, M. G. (2010). Aspectos Moleculares do Sistema Imunológico no Envelhecimento. Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde,1,1-10. Recuperado de: https://www.acervosaude.com.br/doc/artigo_003.pdf
Ferreira, C. K. O., Prestes, J., Donatto, F. F., Vieira, W. H. B., Palanch, A. C., & Cavaglieri, C. R. (2007). Efeitos agudos do exercício de curta duração sobre a capacidade fagocitária de macrófagos peritoneais em ratos sedentários. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 11(3), 191-197. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552007000300004
Guo, Y., Xu, M., Wei, Z., Hu, Q., Chen, Y., Yan, J., & Wei, Y. (2018). Beneficial effects of qigong wuqinxi in the improvement of health condition, prevention, and treatment of chronic diseases: Evidence from a systematic review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3235950
Henriques, I., Cebola, M., Mendes, L. (2020). Malnutrition, Sarcopenia and COVID-19 in the Elderly: Scientific evidence for vitamin D supplementation. Acta Portuguesa de Nutrição, 21, 26-30. Recuperado de: https://dx.doi.org/10.21011/apn.2020.2106
Hyatt, A., Gough, K., Murnane, A., Au-Yeung, G., Dawson, T., Pearson, E. et al. (2020). i-Move, a personalised exercise intervention for patients with advanced melanoma receiving immunotherapy: a randomised feasibility trial protocol. BMJ open, 10(2), e036059. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036059
Koch, A.J. (2010). Immune response to resistance exercise. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 4(3), 244-252. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827609360190
Kufel-Grabowska, J., Marszalek, S., Gorecki, M., Malinowska, M., Lesiak, M., Straburzynska-Migaj, E. et al. (2020). Abstract P4-14-10: Supervised high intensity interval physical exercise of young women with breast cancer during neoadjuvant chemotherapy has also a positive impact on the control group (SPORT NATHY trial). Cancer Research, 80(4). Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.SABCS19-P4-14-10
Leandro, C., Nascimento, E. D., Manhães-de-Castro, R., Duarte, J. A., & De-Castro, C. M. M. B. (2002). Exercício físico e sistema imunológico: mecanismos e integrações. Revista portuguesa de ciências do desporto, 2(5), 80-90. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/:10.5628/rpcd.02.05.80
Leandro, C. G., Castro, R. M. D., Nascimento, E., Pithon-Curi, T. C., & Curi, R. (2007). Mecanismos adaptativos do sistema imunológico em resposta ao treinamento físico. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 13(5), 343-348. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/:10.1590/S1517-86922007000500012
Martínez, A. C., & Alvarez-Mon, M. (1999). O sistema imunológico (I): Conceitos gerais, adaptação ao exercício físico e implicações clínicas. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 5(3), 120-125. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/:10.1590/S1517-86921999000300010
Michael, M., Goble, J., Hawk, M., & Kujawa, D. J. (2020). Reported Barriers Impeding Adherence to a Physical Exercise Program in Patients with Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review. Rehabilitation Oncology. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.REO.0000000000000220
Morielli, A. R., & Courneya, K. S. (2020). Effects of Exercise on Cancer Treatment Completion and Efficacy. In Exercise Oncology (209-227). Springer, Cham. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42011-6_10
Pescatello L.S. (ed.) (2014). American College of Sports Medicine Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Regis, G., & Ganzit, G.P. (2020). Attività ginnico-sportiva: i benefici sulla salute in periodo di emergenza CoViD-19. Come organizzare una rapida ripresa / Gymnastics-sports activities: health benefits in emergency period CoViD-19. How to organize a quick shot. Recenti Prog Med, 111(5), 297-301. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1701/3366.33411
Reis, S. C. (2019). O Exercício Físico Como Ativador do Sistema Imunológico-In: E-Book-Patologias e as novas perspectivas terapêuticas. Revista Artigos.com, 1, e442-capítulo. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.25248/e-book1.cap2.2019
Reis, S. C., & Duarte, D. A. (2018). O papel do exercício físico na ativação de células mononucleares do Sistema Imunológico. Revista Eletrônica Acervo Científico, 1, 49-57. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.25248/REAC26
Shetty, S. S., Rao, V., Kudpaje, A., Mithra, S., Merchant, Y., & Shabadi, N. (2020). An oncologist perspective on COVID 19: A mysterious cryptic virus. Oral Oncology, 105. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.104694
Sochart, D.H., & Hardinge, K. (1999). The relationship of foot and ankle movements to venous return in the lower limb. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 81(4), 700-704. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.81B4.8909
Todo-Bom, A., & Mota-Pinto, A. (2007). Exercício físico: resposta imunoinflamatória. Rev Port Imunoalergologia, 15 (2): 123-133. Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.4/778
Tsang, H. W., Mok, C. K., Au Yeung, Y. T., & Chan, S. Y. (2003). The effect of Qigong on general and psychosocial health of elderly with chronic physical illnesses: a randomized clinical trial. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 18(5), 441-449. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.861
Vallerand, James R., Rhodes, Ryan E., Walker, Gordan J., & Courneya, Kerry S. (2019). Social Cognitive Effects and Mediators of a Pilot Telephone Counseling Intervention to Increase Aerobic Exercise in Hematologic Cancer Survivors. J Phys Act Health, 16(1), 43-51. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2018-0014
Vulczak, A., Souza, A. D. O., Ferrari, G. D., Azzolini, A. E. C. S., Pereira-da-Silva, G., & Alberici, L. C. (2020). Moderate Exercise Modulates Tumor Metabolism of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cells, 9(3), 628. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9030628
Wang, X., Pi, Y., Chen, B., Chen, P., Liu, Y., Wang, R. et al. (2015). Effect of traditional Chinese exercise on the quality of life and depression for chronic diseases: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Scientific reports, 5(1), 1-16. Recuperado de: http://doi.org/10.1038/srep15913
Wen, J., Lin, T., Jiang, C., Peng, R., & Wu, W. (2017). Effect of Baduanjin exercises on elevated blood lipid levels of middle-aged and elderly individuals: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ open, 7(9), e017213. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017213
Wiggenraad, F., Bolam, K. A., Mijwel, S., van der Wall, E., Wengström, Y., & Altena, R. (2020). Long-Term Favourable Effects of Physical Exercise on Burdensome Symptoms in the OptiTrain Breast Cancer Randomized Controlled Trial. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 19. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534735420905003
Xiao, C. M., & Zhuang, Y. C. (2015). Efficacy of Liuzijue Qigong in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in remission. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 63(7), 1420-1425. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.13478
Yao, L. Q., Tan, J. Y., Turner, C., Wang, T., & Liu, X. L. (2020). Traditional Chinese exercise for cancer-related sleep disturbance: A systematic review and descriptive analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. Recuperado de: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101197
Ye, Q. (2014). Clinical Studies of Yijinjing Intervention to the Elderly. Hyperlipidemia [dissertation]. Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing. Recuperado de: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101197
Derechos de autor 2021 Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
