Adapted Functional Training for Psychomotor Development in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract

The study examines the implementation and effectiveness of an adapted functional training (AFT) program for adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), using a mixed methodology during 24 weeks of intervention. The results demonstrate significant improvements in psychomotor development, including balance, coordination and motor skills, as well as notable advances in socioemotional and cognitive aspects. The research, supported by quantitative assessments using the Test of Psychomotor Development (TEPSI) and qualitative feedback from parents and therapists, provides evidence that the customization of functional exercises not only enhances physical development but also promotes autonomy and social integration. The findings underline the importance of incorporating EFA programs in educational and therapeutic settings, highlighting their contribution to a comprehensive intervention that significantly improves the quality of life of adolescents with ASD and their families.

Keywords: Adapted functional training, Autism spectrum disorder, Psychomotor development, Therapeutic intervention, Inclusive education

References

Akbar, K., Damanik, F., Juliana, J., Akib, A., y Wibowo, F. (2023). Inclusive Education Practices: Fostering an Accessible Learning Environment for Diverse Learners. Global International Journal of Innovative Research, 1(3), 227-232. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377262022

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). APA. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Bernal Ramírez, E.A., y Guarnizo Torres, T.Z. (2023). La educación física como medio de inclusión y desarrollo de habilidades básicas motrices en niños autistas [Trabajo de Grado. Licenciatura en Educación Básica con Énfasis en Educación Física, Recreación y Deporte, Universidad de Cundinamarca]. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12558/5189

Carter-Thuillier, B., López-Pastor, V., Gallardo-Fuentes, F., Carter-Beltrán, J., Fernández-Balboa, J., Delgado-Floody, P., Grimminger-Seidensticker, E., y Sortwell, A. (2023). After-school sports programmes and social inclusion processes in culturally diverse contexts: Results of an international multicase study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1122362

Costa e Silva, M., y Roama-Alves, R.J. (2023). Parenting self-efficacy on autism spectrum disorder context: a literature review. Revista Interamericana de Psicología/Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 57(2), e1741–e1741. https://doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v57i2.1741

Dirección de Salud Provincial del Guayas (2023). Reporte de acceso a servicios terapéuticos especializados en TEA. https://www.salud.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Fase-1_-Informe-Rendicion-de-Cuentas-MSP-2023.pdf

Ecuador (2008). Constitución de la República del Ecuador. Registro Oficial, 449, https://www.oas.org/juridico/pdfs/mesicic4_ecu_const.pdf

Greaves-Lord, K., Alma, M., de Graaff, B., Landsman, J., van der Wide, K., Jagersma, G., Beskers, T., Wubs, M., Mandemaker, H., van Daalen, E., van der Linde, J., Stapert, AF, Bekius, J., Piening, S., Landlust, A., y van Balkom, IDC (2023). Clinical stance on response initiation in autistic adults: co-creating an integrative approach based on theory and lived experiences to act from language, via motor movement to wellbeing. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1229596

Hayward, L., Golub-Victor, A., Cheerman, H., Kiami, S., Addison, I., Bhattrai, M., Wang, S., y Miroshnik, E. (2024). Student Pedagogical Consultants: A Strategy for Increasing Diversity, Equity, Inclusivity, and a Sense of Belonging in Curricular Approaches in Physical Therapist Education. Journal of Physical Therapy Education, 38(3), 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTE.0000000000000333

Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (2023). Estadísticas demográficas de Ecuador. INEC. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec

Jia, M., Zhang, J., Pan, J., Hu, F., y Zhu, Z. (2024). Benefits of exercise for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1462601

Koh, S. (2024). Analyzing the influence of physical exercise interventions on social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder: insights from meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1399902

Liang, X., Li, M., Wu, Y., Wu, X., Hou, X., y Sit, C. (2022). A socio-ecological approach to inclusive physical education in China: A systematic review. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.902791

Lord, C., Elsabbagh, M., Baird, G., y Veenstra-Vanderweele, J. (2023). Autism spectrum disorders. The Lancet, 392(10146), 508-520. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31129-2/

Marzouki, H., Soussi, B., Selmi, O., Hajji, Y., Marsigliante, S., Bouhlel, E., Muscella, A., Weiss, K., y Knechtle, B. (2022). Effects of Aquatic Training in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biology, 11(5), 657. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11050657

Ministerio de Educación (2021). Política Nacional de Educación Inclusiva. https://educacion.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2013/07/Modulo_Trabajo_EI.pdf

Ministerio de Salud Pública del Ecuador (2023). Informe epidemiológico: Prevalencia del Trastorno del Espectro Autista en Ecuador. https://www.salud.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/GPC_trastornos_del_espectro_autista_2017-1.pdf

Organización Mundial de la Salud (2023). Autismo. OMS. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders

Pan, C.Y., Chu, C.H., Tsai, C.L., Sung, M.C., Huang, C.Y., y Ma, W.Y. (2022). The impacts of physical activity intervention on physical and cognitive outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 21(2), 190-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316633562

Rodríguez-Prieto, P., Giral-Oliveros, N., Simpson, I., y Ibáñez-Alfonso, J. (2024). Cognitive stimulation in socioeconomically disadvantaged children with neurodevelopmental disorders: a case series. Frontiers in Psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1365697

Rose, D.H., Meyer, A., y Gordon, D. (2014). Universal Design for Learning: Theory and practice. CAST Professional Publishing.

Srinivasan, S.M., Pescatello, L.S., y Bhat, A.N. (2014). Current Perspectives on Physical Activity and Exercise Recommendations for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Physical Therapy, 94(6), 875-889. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20130157

Santana, J.C. (2022). Entrenamiento Funcional para Transformar todo el Cuerpo. Editorial Ediciones Tutor.

UNESCO (2020). Education in a post-COVID world: Nine ideas for public action. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373717_spa

Xue, R., Chai, H., Yao, L., y Fu, W. (2023). The influence of school inclusive education climate on physical education teachers’ inclusive education competency: The mediating role of teachers’ agency. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1079853

Author Biography

Daniel Josué Kirby Gómez,

http://www.kirby.com.ec

Published
2025-01-08
How to Cite
Kirby Gómez, D. J. (2025). Adapted Functional Training for Psychomotor Development in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Lecturas: Educación Física Y Deportes, 29(320), 101-115. https://doi.org/10.46642/efd.v29i320.7557
Section
Research Articles