Desarrollo cognitivo y aptitud física no aeróbica en preescolares: un estudio longitudinal
Resumen
Introducción: La primera infancia es el período más crítico del sano desarrollo motor y cognitivo en la vida humana y el aumento de la actividad física puede traer beneficios para la salud durante la niñez y la adolescencia. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar la relación entre la aptitud física no aeróbica y el desarrollo cognitivo en preescolares. Métodos: Los participantes fueron niños de un estudio longitudinal en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil (N=1380, primer año; N=1320, segundo año). La aptitud física no aeróbica se evaluó con la Prueba de Sentarse y Levantase (PSL) y el desarrollo cognitivo con los Descriptores de Desempeño para Escuelas Primarias (Performance Indicators for Primary Schools, PIPS). Resultados: La aptitud física no aeróbica y el desarrollo cognitivo se correlacionaron positivamente (0,25 para el lenguaje y 0,17 para las matemáticas, p<0,05). Los modelos de regresión lineal jerárquica revelaron que las medidas iniciales de aptitud física no aeróbica tenían una asociación pequeña pero significativa con el rendimiento matemático futuro, pero no con el lenguaje después de controlar las variables de confusión (ES=0,16 para matemáticas en el primer año; ES=0,11 para matemáticas en el segundo año). Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren una asociación entre la aptitud física no aeróbica y el desarrollo cognitivo en los primeros años escolares.
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