Low Energy Availability and Risk of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-s):

Sarah Amorim de Morais Santos; Karen Carolina Martins Julião; Marcos Daniel Motta Drummond

doi:10.46642/efd.v30i327.7764

Sarah Amorim de Morais Santos Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0704-054X
Karen Carolina Martins Julião Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=58421711900 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5331-0236
Marcos Daniel Motta Drummond Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=55832789300 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5622-1297

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46642/efd.v30i327.7764

Resumen

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el consumo de alimentos y la prevalencia de Baja Disponibilidad Energética (BDE) y Deficiencia Energética Relativa en el Deporte (Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport - RED-s) dentro de un grupo de mujeres practicantes de entrenamiento de resistencia. La muestra consistió en 23 mujeres, con una edad media de 23 ± 4,73 años, una masa corporal promedio de 59,6 ± 5,26 kg y una altura promedio de 163 ± 6,61 cm. Se les realizó anamnesis, un registro dietético diario para evaluar la ingesta calórica y un registro de actividad diaria, y con esta información se determinó el gasto energético total (GET). La composición corporal se evaluó mediante pliegues cutáneos. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Baja Disponibilidad Energética en Mujeres (Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire, LEAF-Q) y se calculó la disponibilidad energética (DE) de cada sujeto. Los resultados mostraron que la ingesta calórica total promedio fue de 1757 ± 557 kcal (IC del 95%: 1516-1998), mientras que el GET fue de 2064 ± 185 kcal (IC del 95%: 1983-2144). La ingesta calórica media fue de 38,6 ± 11,8 kcal/kg de masa muscular libre/día (IC del 95%: 33,5-43,7). El 21,74% de la muestra presentó BDE. La puntuación media del cuestionario LEAF-Q fue de 4,13 ± 2,52 (IC del 95%: 2,82-5,0), con un 8,7% de las voluntarias clasificadas en riesgo de RED-s. Se concluye que la BDE y el alto riesgo de RED-s no son prevalentes entre las mujeres que practican entrenamiento de resistencia.

Palabras clave: Ingesta energética, Síndrome de la tríada de la atleta femenina, Período fértil, Nutrición en el deporte

Referencias

Areta, J.L., Taylor, H.L., & Koehler, K. (2021). Low energy availability: history, definition and evidence of its endocrine, metabolic and physiological effects in prospective studies in females and males. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04516-0

Black, K., Slater, J., Brown, R.C., & Cooke, R. (2018). Low energy availability, plasma lipids, and hormonal profiles of recreational athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(10), 2816-2824. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002540

Canhestro, J.P., Carvalhaes, A.L.D., Martins Júnior, F. de A.D., & Drummond, M.D.M. (2025). Influence of professional nutritional support on dietary profile of strength-trained women. Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, 29(321), 108-126. https://doi.org/10.46642/efd.v29i321.7864

De Souza, M.J., Koltun, K.J., & Williams, N.I. (2019). The role of energy availability in reproductive function in the female athlete triad and extension of its effects to men: an initial working model of a similar syndrome in male athletes. Sports Medicine, 49(Suppl 2), 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01217-3

Fahrenholtz, IL, Melin, AK, Wasserfurth, P., Stenling, A., Logue, D., Garthe, I., Koehler, K., Gräfnings, M., Lichtenstein, MB, Madigan, S., & Torstveit, M. K. (2022). Risk of low energy availability, disordered eating, exercise addiction, and food Intolerances in female endurance athletes. Frontiers in sports and active living, 4, 869594. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.869594

Hagstrom, A.D., Marshall, P.W., Halaki, M., & Hackett, D.A. (2020). The effect of resistance training in women on dynamic strength and muscular hypertrophy: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 50(6), 1075-1093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01247-x

Heikura, I.A., Stellingwerff, T., & Areta, J.L. (2021). Low energy availability in female athletes: from the lab to the field. European Journal of Sport Science, 22(5), 709-719. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1915391

Lamonte, M.J., & Ainsworth, B.E. (2001). Quantifying energy expenditure and physical activity in the context of dose response. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 33(6 Suppl), S370-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200106001-00006

Liu, Y., Ajami, NJ, El-Serag, HB, Hair, C., Graham, DY, White, DL, Chen, L., Wang, Z., Plew, S., Kramer, J., Cole, R., Hernaez, R., Hou, J., Husain, N., Jarbrink-Sehgal, ME, Kanwa, F., Ketwaroo, G., Natarajan, Y., Shah, R., Velez, M., Mallepally, N., Petrosino, JF, & Jiao, L. (2019). Dietary quality and the colonic mucosa–associated gut microbiome in humans. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 110(3), 701-712. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz139

Logue, D., Madigan, S.M., Delahunt, E., Heinen, M., Mc Donnell, S.J., & Corish, C.A. (2018). Low energy availability in athletes: a review of prevalence, dietary patterns, physiological health, and sports performance. Sports medicine, 48, 73-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0790-3

Loucks, A.B., & Thuma, J.R. (2003). Luteinizing hormone pulsatility is disrupted at a threshold of energy availability in regularly menstruating women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(1), 297-311. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020369

Maria, U.P. de, & Juzwiak, C.R. (2021). Cultural adaptation and validation of the low energy availability in females questionnaire (leaf-q). Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 27(2), 184-188. https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220212702223889

McHaffie, SJ, Langan-Evans, C., Strauss, JA, Areta, JL, Rosimus, C., Evans, M., Waghorn, R., & Morton, JP (2023). Under-Fuelling for the work required? Assessment of dietary practices and physical loading of adolescent female soccer players during an intensive international training and game schedule. Nutrients, 15(21), 4508. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15214508

Melin, A., Tornberg, Å.B., Skouby, S., Faber, J., Ritz, C., Sjödin, A., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2014). The LEAF questionnaire: a screening tool for the identification of female athletes at risk for the female athlete triad. British journal of sports medicine, 48(7), 540-545. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-093240

Moss, SL, Randell, RK, Burgess, D., Ridley, S., ÓCairealláin, C., Allison, R., & Rollo, I. (2021). Assessment of energy availability and associated risk factors in professional female soccer players. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(6), 861-870. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1788647

National Health Council (2012). Resolution No. 466, of December 12, 2012: Guidelines and regulatory standards for research involving human beings. Ministry of Health. http://conselho.saude.gov.br/resolucoes/2012/Reso466.pdf

Sands, R. (2000). Reconceptualization of body image and drive for thinness. International journal of eating disorders, 28(4), 397-407. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(200012)28:4%3C397::aid-eat7%3E3.0.co;2-u

Slater, J., McLay-Cooke, R., Brown, R., & Black, K. (2016). Female recreational exercisers at risk for low energy availability. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 26(5), 421-427. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0245

Wasserfurth, P., Palmowski, J., Hahn, A., & Krüger, K. (2020). Reasons for and consequences of low energy availability in female and male athletes: social environment, adaptations, and prevention. Sports medicine-open, 6(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-020-00275-6

Witkos, J., Luberda, E., Błażejewski, G., Strój, E. (2024). Menstrual cycle disorders as an early symptom of energy deficiency among female physique athletes assessed using the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q). PLoS One, 19(6), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0303703