El calostro bovino como alimento funcional: perspectivas y su papel en la nutrición moderna
Resumen
El calostro bovino es el primer fluido secretado por la glándula mamaria tras el parto, esencial para la transmisión de la inmunidad pasiva a los neonatos. Se caracteriza por una alta concentración de compuestos bioactivos, como inmunoglobulinas, factores de crecimiento, vitaminas y minerales. Esta revisión bibliográfica tuvo como objetivo analizar la composición del calostro bovino, sus beneficios para la salud humana y su potencial para el consumo. A partir de la búsqueda en bases de datos se seleccionaron treinta y tres artículos publicados entre 2019 y 2025 que se centraban en estudios experimentales sobre composición, utilización y formulación de productos alimenticios con calostro. Los resultados demostraron que el calostro presenta niveles más altos de proteínas (especialmente inmunoglobulinas), lípidos, vitaminas y minerales, comparado con la leche, además de compuestos inmunomoduladores como lactoferrina, lisozima y factores de crecimiento. Estos componentes confieren propiedades funcionales relacionadas con el fortalecimiento del sistema inmunitario, integridad de la mucosa intestinal, modulación de la microbiota y regeneración tisular. Su bajo contenido en lactosa y la presencia de oligosacáridos prebióticos refuerzan su potencial para personas con intolerancia a la lactosa y para la salud intestinal. Sin embargo, su aplicación en Brasil aún enfrenta desafíos industriales. Se han empleado métodos de conservación, como pasteurización y secado, así como tecnologías como alta presión, para preservar su funcionalidad. El calostro se presenta como polvo, cápsulas, suplementos, quesos y bebidas funcionales. Se concluye que el calostro bovino tiene gran potencial como alimento funcional, dependiendo del avance tecnológico y del conocimiento de sus beneficios.
Citas
Ahmann, J., Steinhoff-Wagner, J., e Buscher, W. (2021). Determining immunoglobulin content of bovine colostrum and factors affecting the outcome: a review. Animals, 11(12), 3587. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123587
Barone, A., Silva, M., Oliveira, I., e Araújo, F. (2024). Intolerância à lactose e má absorção: manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento. Brazilian Journal of Implantology and Health Sciences, 6(10), 707-720. https://doi.org/10.36557/2674-8169.2024v6n10p707-720
Borad, S.G., Singh, A.K., Kapila, S., Behare, P., Arora, S., e Sabikhi, L. (2019). Influence of unit operations on immunoglobulins and thermal stability of colostrum fractions. International Dairy Journal, 93(1), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.02.007
Brasil (2017). Decreto nº 9.013, de 29 de março de 2017. Atualiza as normas sobre a inspeção industrial e sanitária de produtos de origem animal, incluindo a permissão do uso de colostro bovino em alimentos destinados ao consumo humano. Diário Oficial da União. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2017/decreto/d9013.htm
Brasil (1952). Decreto nº 30.691, de 29 de março de 1952. Aprova o novo Regulamento da Inspeção Industrial e Sanitária de Produtos de Origem Animal (RIISPOA), estabelecendo, entre outras disposições, a proibição do uso de colostro bovino para alimentação humana. Diário Oficial da União. https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1950-1959/decreto-30691-29-marco-1952-339586-normaatualizada-pe.pdf
Bunyatratchata, A., Weiborn, V., e Barile, D. (2021). Bioactive oligosaccharides in colostrum and other liquid feeds for calf’s early life nutrition: a qualitative and quantitative investigation. International Dairy Journal, 121(1), 105100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105100
Business Research Insights (2024). Bovine and capra colostrum market size, share, growth, and industry analysis, by type (bovine colostrum & capra colostrum), by application (powder, capsules & tablets) and regional insights and forecast to 2032. https://www.businessresearchinsights.com/market-reports/bovine-and-capra-colostrum-market
Kraus, RB, Santos, PR, Krummernauer, A., Palhares, KE, Lima, HG, Ladeira, SRL, Pereira, GM, Dors, GC, Nascente, OS, e Lund, RG (2021). Bovine colostrum silage: physicochemical and microbiological characteristics at different fermentation times. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12(1), 708189. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.708189
Davison, G., Jones, A.W., Marchbank, T., e Playford, R.J. (2019). Oral bovine colostrum supplementation does not increase circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration in healthy adults: results from short- and long-term administration studies. European Journal of Nutrition, 59(4), 1473-1479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-02004-6
Denholm, K. (2022). A review of bovine colostrum preservation techniques. Journal of Dairy Research, 89(4), 345-354. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029922000711
Duan, H., Sun, Q., Chen, C., Wang, RC, e Yan, W. (2024). A review: the effect of bovine colostrum on immunity in people of all ages. Nutrients, 16(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132007
Fasse, S., Alarinta, J., Frahm, B., e Wirtanen, G. (2021). Bovine colostrum for human consumption-improving microbial quality and maintaining bioactive characteristics through processing. Dairy, 2(4), 556-575. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040044
Galdino, ABS, Silva, O., Anaya, K., Macêdo, CS, Barbosa, IM, Ribeiro, CVDM, Borba, LHF, Gomes, EG, Oliveira, JPF, e Rangel, HN (2022). Nutritional and physicochemical quality of formulations based on colostrum and bovine whey. PLoS ONE, 17(5), e0267409. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267409
Gao, X., Li, Y., Olin, A. B., e Nguyen, D.N. (2021). Fortification with bovine colostrum enhances antibacterial activity of human milk. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 45(7), 1417-1424. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpen.2060
Godden, S.M., Lombard, J.E., e Woolumns, A.R. (2019). Colostrum management for dairy calves. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 35(3), 535-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.07.005
Hesami, S., Shahraki, A.D.F., Zakian, A., e Ghalamkari, G. (2020). The effect of various heat - treatment methods on colostrum quality, health and performance of dairy calves. Acta Scientiarum Animal Sciences, 43(1), e49844. https://doi.org/0.4025/actascianimsci.v43i1.49844
Kandasamy, S., e Naveem, E.R. (2022). A review on the encapsulation of bioactive components using spray-drying and freeze-drying techniques. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 45(8), e14059. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.14059
Kaplan, M., Arslan, A., Duman, H., Karyeloglu, M., Baydemir, B., Gunar, BB, Alkan, M., Bayraktar, A., Tosun, HI, Erturk, M., Eskici, G., Duar, RM, Henrink, BM, Frese, SA, e Karav, S. (2021). Production of bovine colostrum for human consumption to improve health. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12(1), 796824. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.796824
Khan, T.S., Akram, N., Faisal, S., Saeed, F., Rasheed, A., Ahmed, F., e Afzaal, M. (2024). Bovine colostrum: therapeutic potential and clinical evidence. International Dairy Journal, 157(1), 105996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2024.105996
Linehan, K., Ross, O., e Stanton, C. (2023). Bovine colostrum for veterinary and human health applications: a critical review. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 14(1), 387-410. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-060721-014650
O’ Callaghan, TF, O’ Donovan, M., Murphy, HP, Sugrue, K., Mannion, D., McCarthy, WP, Timilin, M., Kilcawley, KN, Hickey, RM, e Tobin, JT (2020). Evolution of bovine milk fatty acid profile - from colostrum to milk five days after calving. International Dairy Journal, 104(1), 104655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104655
Oliveira, F., Reis, N., e Santos, R. (2024). Influence of the calving season of Girolando calves on development in the initial phase after birth, reproductive performance, and productive performance. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 1(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-6891v25e-78655E
Playford, R.J., e Weiser, M.J. (2021). Bovine colostrum: its constituents and uses. Nutrients, 13(1), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010265
Poonia, A., Shiva (2022). Bioactive compounds, nutritional profile and health benefits of colostrum: a review. Food Production, Process and Nutrition, 4(26), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-022-00104-1
Ramani, A., Taherabbas, S., e Manik, S. (2024). Bovine colostrum as a promising nutraceutical: a systematic review. Sustainable Food Technology, 2(3), 531-547. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3fb00256j
Sats, A., Kaarts, T., Poikalainen, v., Aare, A., Lepasalu, L., Andreson, H., e Jõudu, I. (2020). Bovine colostrum whey: postpartum changes of particle size distribution and immunoglobulin G concentration at different filtrations pore sizes. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(8), 6810-6819. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17604
Scammell, A.W., e Billakanti, J. (2022). Manufacture of milk and whey products: colostrum. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 3(3), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818766-1.00329-9
Silva, E.G.D.S.O., Rangel, A.H.D.N.M., Murmam, L., Bezerra, M.F., e Oliveira, J.P.F. (2019). Bovine colostrum: benefits of its use in human food. Food Science and Technology, 39(2), 355-362. https://doi.org/10.1590/fst.14619
Silva, F., Silva, S., Pereira, A., Cerqueira, J., e Conceição, C. (2024). A comprehensive review of bovine colostrum components and selected aspects regarding their impact on neonatal calf physiology. Animals, 14(7), 1130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071130
Simon, R., Gennari, A., Kuhn, D., Rama, G.R., e Souza, C. (2022). Making a fresh cheese using the colostrum surplus of dairy farms: an alternative aiming to minimize the waste of this raw material. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology, 25(1), 2022125. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.12521
Yalçin, YM, Duman, H., López, JMM, Portocarrero, ACM, Lombardo, M., Khallouki, F., Koch, W., Bordiga, M., El-Seedi, H., Raposo, A., Alves. JLB, e Karav, S. (2024). Revealing the potency of growth factors in bovine colostrum. Nutrients, 16(14), 2359. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16142359
Yasir, M., Al-Zahrani, IA, Khan, R., Soliman, SA, Turkistani, SA, Alawi, M., e Azhar, EI (2024). Microbiological risks assessment and resistome analysis from shotgun metagenomics of bovine colostrum microbiome. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 31(4), 103957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.103957
Zheng, X., Wu, Y., Bi, J., Huang, Y., Cheng, Y., Li, Y., Wu, Y., Cao, G., e Tian, Z. (2022). The use of supercytokines, immunocytokines, engager cytokines and other synthetic cytokynes in immunotherapy. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 19(1), 192-209. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-021-00786-6
Biografía del autor/a
http://lattes.cnpq.br/2540478894721269
http://lattes.cnpq.br/2501603100820905
http://lattes.cnpq.br/7837425715920019
http://lattes.cnpq.br/6678585465035400
http://lattes.cnpq.br/3249761404975780
http://lattes.cnpq.br/3253002527190388
https://lattes.cnpq.br/0019864079682745
Derechos de autor 2025 Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
