Efecto de la edad relativa en deportes individuales. Una revisión sistemática
Resumen
El efecto de la edad relativa (EER) se refiere a la influencia que podría tener el mes de nacimiento sobre el rendimiento de las personas nacidas en el mismo año. La mayoría de los estudios de la EER indican que los individuos nacidos en los primeros cuartiles de un año determinado pueden presentar ventajas biológicas, físicas, cognitivas y psicológicas sobre aquellos que nacieron en los últimos meses del mismo año. Tales variaciones podrían afectar el desempeño, llevando a una sobreestimación de los resultados observados en el momento de la evaluación. Aunque la EER se ha convertido en un fenómeno bien estudiado, poco se sabe sobre las características metodológicas predominantes de los estudios, así como sobre los avances sobre el tema, particularmente, en los deportes individuales. Así, esta revisión sistemática investigó el estado del arte de la EER en deportes individuales. Los resultados revelan que se encontró EER entre atletas de deportes individuales; la mayoría de los estudios describieron la EER en deportes individuales, sin embargo, pocos establecieron relaciones entre la EER y otras variables (ej. antropometría, rendimiento técnico...) además del trimestre de nacimiento. Los hallazgos indican que la mayoría de los estudios EER en deportes individuales centran sus metodologías y resultados en describir el porcentaje de atletas nacidos en cada cuartil del año. Por lo tanto, el tema requiere un nuevo enfoque, centrado en la relación de la EER con los procesos de identificación de talento deportivo y desarrollo de atletas en deportes individuales.
Referencias
Abel, E.L., & Kruger, M.L. (2007). A relative age effect in NASCAR. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 105(7), 1151. https://doi.org/10.2466/PMS.105.7.1151-1152
Agricola, A., Zháněl, J., & Hubáček, O. (2013). Relative age effect in Junior Tennis (male) . Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis, Gymnica, 43(1), 27-33. https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2013.003
Albuquerque, M.R., Costa, V. T., Faria, L. O., Lopes, M. C., Lage, G. M., Sledziewski, D., … Franchini, E. (2014). Weight categories do not prevent athletes from Relative Age Effect: An analysis of Olympic Games wrestlers. Archives of Budo, 10(1), 127-132. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262970401
Albuquerque, MR, Franchini, E., Lage, GM, Da Costa, VT, Costa, IT, & Malloy-Diniz, LF (2015). The relative age effect in combat sports: an analysis of olympic judo athletes, 1964-2012. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 121(1), 300-308. https://doi.org/10.2466/10.PMS.121c15x2
Albuquerque, MR, Lage, GM, Costa, VT, Ferreira, RM, Penna, EM, Moraes, LCCA, & Malloy-Diniz, LF (2012). Relative age effect in olympic taekwondo athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 114(2), 461-468. https://doi.org/10.2466/05.25.PMS.114.2.461-468
Albuquerque, M.R., Tavares, V., Lage, G.M., De Paula, J., Da Costa, I.T., & Malloy-Diniz, L.F. (2013). Relative age effect in Olympic judo athletes: a weight category analysis. Science and Sports, 28(3), e59-e61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2012.09.004
Baker, J., Janning, C., Wong, H., Cobley, S., & Schorer, J. (2014). Variations in relative age effects in individual sports: skiing, figure skating and gymnastics. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(suppl. 1), S183-S190. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.671369
Barnsley, R.H., Thompson, A.H., & Barnsley, P.E. (1985). Hockey success and birthdate: the relative age effect. Journal of the Canadian Association of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 51(8), 23-28. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284328248
Barnsley, R.H., Thompson, A.H., & Legault, P. (1992). Family planning: football style. The relative age effect in football. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 27(1), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269029202700105
Brazo-Sayavera, J., Martínez-Valencia, M.A., Müller, L., Andronikos, G., & Martindale, R.J. J. (2017). Identifying talented track and field athletes: The impact of relative age effect on selection to the Spanish National Athletics Federation training camps. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(22), 2172-2178. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1260151
Carli, G.C., Luguetti, C.N., & Ré, A.H.N. (2009). Efeito da idade relativa no futebol. Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento, 17(3), 25-31. http://portalrevistas.ucb.br/index.php/RBCM/article/view/1048
Cobley, S., Abbott, S., Dogramaci, S., Kable, A., Salter, J., Hintermann, M., & Romann, M. (2018). Transient Relative Age Effects across annual age groups in National level Australian Swimming. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21, 839-845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.12.008
Cobley, S., Schorer, J., & Baker, J. (2008). Relative age effects in professional German soccer: a historical analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(14), 1531-1538. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802298250
Costa, A.M., Marques, M.C., Louro, H., Ferreira, S.S., & Marinho, D.A. (2013). The relative age effect among elite youth competitive swimmers. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(5), 437-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.742571
Costa, V.T., Simim, M.A., Noce, F., Costa, I.T., Samulski, D.M., & Moraes, L.C. (2012). Comparison of relative age of elite athletes participating in the 2008 Brazilian soccer championship series A and B. Motricidade, 5(3), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.5(3).190
Côté, J., Macdonald, D.J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2006). When “where” is more important than “when”: Birthplace and birthdate effects on the achievement of sporting expertise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(10), 1065-1073. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500432490
Delorme, N. (2014). Do weight categories prevent athletes from relative age effect? Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.809470
Delorme, N., Boiché, J., & Raspaud, M. (2010). Relative age and dropout in French male soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(7), 717-722. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640411003663276
Delorme, N., & Raspaud, M. (2009). Is there an influence of relative age on participation in non-physical sports activities? The example of shooting sports. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(10), 1035-1042. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410902926438
Dudink, A. (1994). Birth date and sporting success. Nature, 368, 592. https://doi.org/10.1038/368592a0
Edgar, S., & O’Donoghue, P. (2005). Season of birth distribution of elite tennis players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(10), 1013-1020. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021468
Edginton, R., Gibson, R., & Connelly, C. (2014). Exploring the relative age effect and nation dominance in Olympic Boxing, a review of the last decade. In Procedia Engineering (Vol. 72, pp. 805-810). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.06.136
Ferreira, R.M., Coelho, E.F., Morais, A.V. de, Werneck, F.Z., Tucher, G., & Lisboa, A.L.R. (2017). The relative age effect in olympic swimmers. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto, S2.A, 104-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5628/rpcd.17.S2A.104
Giacomini, C.P. (1999). Association of birthdate with success of nationally ranked junior tennis players in the United Stated. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 89, 381-386. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1999.89.2.381
Gorski, T., Rosser, T., Hoppeler, H., & Vogt, M. (2016). Relative age effect in young Swiss alpine skiers from 2004 to 2011. International Journal of Sports Physiology & Performance, 11(4), 455-463. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0418
Hancock, D.J., Starkes, J.L., & Ste-Marie, D.M. (2015). The relative age effect in female gymnastics: a flip-flop phenomenon. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 46, 714-725. https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP
Helsen, W.F., Starkes, J.L., & Winckel, J. Van (2000). Effect of a change in selection year on success in male soccer players. American Journal of Human Biology, 12, 729-735. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11534065/
Helsen, W.F., Winckel, J. Van, & Williams, A.M. (2005). The relative age effect in youth soccer across Europe. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(6), 629-636. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021310
Hirose, N. (2009). Relationships among birth-month distribution, skeletal age and anthropometric characteristics in adolescent elite soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(11), 1159-1166. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903225145
Hollings, S.C., Hume, P.A., & Hopkins, W.G. (2014). Relative-age effect on competition outcomes at the World Youth and World Junior Athletics Championships. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(Suppl. 1), S456-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.713007
Loffing, F., Schorer, J., & Cobley, S.P. (2010). Relative age effects are a developmental problem in tennis: but not necessarily when you’re left-handed! High Ability Studies, 21(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2010.488084
Massa, M., Costa, E.C., Moreira, A., Thiengo, C.R., Lima, M.R. de, Marquez, W.Q., & Aoki, M.S. (2014). The relative age effect in soccer: a case study of the São Paulo Football Club. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano, 16(4), 399-405. https://doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2014v16n4p399
Medic, N., Starkes, J.L., Weir, P.L., Young, B.W., & Grove, J.R. (2009). Relative age effect in masters sports: Replication and extension. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(3), 669-675. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2009.10599607
Medic, N., Starkes, J.L., & Young, B.W. (2007). Examining relative age effects on performance achievement and participation rates in masters athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(12), 1377-1384. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410601110128
Medic, N., Young, B.W., & Medic, D. (2011). Participation-related relative age effects in Masters swimming: A 6-year retrospective longitudinal analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(1), 29-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.520726
Medic, N., Young, B.W., Starkes, J.L., Weir, P.L., & Grove, J.R. (2009). Gender, age, and sport differences in relative age effects among US Masters swimming and track and field athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(14), 1535-1544. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903127630
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., & The PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Moreira, J.P.A., Lopes, M.C., Faria, L.O., & Albuquerque, M.R. (2017). Relative Age Effect and Constituent Year Effect: an analysis of the International Tennis Federation Ranking. Journal of Physical Education, 28(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v28i1.2814
Mujika, I., Vaeyens, R., Matthys, S.P.J., Santisteban, J., Goiriena, J., & Philippaerts, R. (2009). The relative age effect in a professional football club setting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(11), 1153-1158. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903220328
Müller, L., Hildebrandt, C., & Raschner, C. (2015). The relative age effect and the influence on performance in youth alpine ski racing. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 14(1), 16-22. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273065539
Müller, L., Hildebrandt, C., Schnitzer, M., & Raschner, C. (2016). The role of a relative age effect in the 12th winter European youth olympic festival in 2015. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 122(2), 701-718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516640390
O’Donoghue, P. (2009). Relative age in elite tennis. Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism, 16(4), 379-388.
O’Donoghue, P. (2014). Relative age effect on elite tennis strategy for players born before and after 1st January 1985. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 14(2), 453-462. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868734
Pacharoni, R., Aoki, M.S., Costa, E.C., Moreira, A., & Massa, M. (2014). Efeito da idade relativa no Tênis. Revista Brasileira de Ciência e Movimento, 22(3), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.18511/0103-1716/rbcm.v22n3p111-117
Ribeiro, E.J.F.J., Keller, B., Pereira, J.L., Coelho, R.W., Boas, M.S.V., & Grunevald, E. (2013). O fenômeno da idade relativa em atletas de tênis infantojuvenil e profissional: nível de associação com o ranking da federação sul-Americana e Mundial. Revista da Educação Física, 24(3), 371-379. https://doi.org/10.4025/reveducfis.v24.3.17046
Romann, M., & Cobley, S. (2015). Relative age effects in athletic sprinting and corrective adjustments as a solution for their removal. PLoS ONE, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122988
Saavedra-García, M., Gutiérrez-Aguilar, Ó., Sa-Marques, P., & Fernández-Romero, J. (2016). Efecto de la edad relativa en el atletismo español. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 16(1), 275-286. https://revistas.um.es/cpd/article/view/254641
Schorer, J., Baker, J., Büsch, D., Wilhelm, A., & Pabst, J. (2009). Relative age, talent identification and youth skill development: do relatively younger athletes have superior technical skills? Talent Development & Excellence, 1, 45-56. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253762163
Schorer, J., Tirp, J., Steingröver, C., & Baker, J. (2016). Laterality and its tole in talent identification and athlete development. In F. Loffing, N. Hagemann, B. Strauss, & C. MacMahon (Eds.), Laterality in Sports: Theories and Applications (pp. 87-105). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801426-4.00005-5
Ulbricht, A., Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., & Ferrauti, A. (2015). The relative age effect and physical fitness characteristics in German male tennis players. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 14(3), 634-642. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26336351/
Vaeyens, R., Philippaerts, R.M., & Malina, R.M. (2005). The relative age effect in soccer: a match-related perspective. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23, 747-756. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400022052
Werneck, F.Z., Lima, J.R.P. de, Coelho, E.F., Matta, M. de O., & Figueiredo, A.J.B. (2014). Efeito da idade relativa em atletas olímpicos de triatlo. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 20(5), 394-397. https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-86922014200501705
Biografía del autor/a
http://lattes.cnpq.br/6246725477854360
http://lattes.cnpq.br/6307259132116000
http://lattes.cnpq.br/5626706946578999
http://lattes.cnpq.br/9346136772918426
http://lattes.cnpq.br/8763247061508351
Derechos de autor 2024 Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
