d138267@dac.unicamp.br

paes@unicamp.br

scaglia@unicamp.br

*Master, Bachelor and Licensed in Physical Education

from the Faculty of Physical Education

of the University of Campinas (FEF-UNICAMP),

where he is currently studying for a doctorate

Specialist in Sport by the Brazilian Academy of Coaches

of the Brazilian Olympic Institute. Skateboarding teacher qualified

by the “Federação Paulista de Skate” and “Confederação Brasileira de Skateboarding”

and in 3x3 Basketball by the “Confederação Brasileira de Basquetebol”

He is a member of the Laboratory for Studies in Sport Pedagogy (LEPE)

at the Faculty of Applied Sciences at UNICAMP

and the Study Group on Sport Pedagogy (GEPESP) at FEF-UNICAMP

and the “Associação Esportiva Cultural Pentágono” de Sumaré-SP

**Professor in the Graduation and Post-Graduation program

at the Faculty of Physical Education

at the University of Campinas (FEF-UNICAMP)

Graduated in Physical Education

from the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas

Master in Education from the Methodist University of Piracicaba

Doctorate in Education from the UNICAMP

He is a member (facilitator) of the Brazilian Academy

of Coaches of the Brazilian Olympic Institute and Leader

of the Study Group on Sport Pedagogy (GEPESP) of FEF-UNICAMP

***Professor at the Faculty of Applied Sciences

of the State University of Campinas (FCA-UNICAMP)

in the Sport Sciences course and in the Post-Graduation program

of the Faculty of Physical Education at UNICAMP

He holds a licenciate and a bachelor's degree in Physical Education,

a Master's in Sport Pedagogy and a PhD in Movement Pedagogy

from the from the University of Campinas

He is co-responsible for research at LEPE (Laboratory of Studies in Sport Pedagogy)

and leader of the LEPE-FUT research group

(Brazil)

Reception: 01/06/2023 - Acceptance: 06/03/2023

1st Review: 03/06/2023 - 2nd Review: 05/31/2023

Accessible document. Law N° 26.653. WCAG 2.0

Suggested reference: Brasil, D.V.C., Paes, R.R., & Scaglia, A.J. (2023). 3x3 Basketball: Analysis and Understanding from the Perspective of Athletes. Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, 28(301), 83-105. https://doi.org/10.46642/efd.v28i301.3821

 

Abstract

    This study, seeks to determine the profile of 3x3 Basketball players, their knowledge, perspectives, and feelings regarding this sport. This is exploratory research, carried out through the application of questionnaires composed of open and closed questions, with the participation of seven 3x3 Basketball players with an average age of 29.1±5.7 years, residing in different regions of Brazil. Among other results, the study indicates that 3x3 Basketball lacks support in Brazil, that coach-athletes are not always recognized as coaches by teammates, and that the practice is motivated by extrinsic and intrinsic factors that vary over time. This study showed that it is relevant to listen to 3x3 Basketball practitioners for a better understanding of this sport and consequently, to think about a teaching, experience, and learning process that contributes to a broad and critical formation through this sport. As well as, so that, through the demands and aspirations of practitioners, public managers, and sports institutions propose effective actions, in the sense of democratizing the practice and valuing its practitioners.

    Keywords: 3x3 Basketball. Sport. Sport pedagogy. Physical Education. Sport management. Athlete.

 

Resumo

    Este estudo busca conhecer o perfil dos praticantes de Basquetebol 3x3, os seus conhecimentos, perspectivas e sentimentos em relação a este esporte. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, realizada por meio da aplicação de questionários compostos por questões abertas e fechadas, com a participação de sete jogadores de Basquetebol 3x3 com idade média de 29,1±5,7 anos, residentes em diferentes regiões do Brasil. Entre outros resultados, o estudo aponta que o Basquetebol 3x3 carece de incentivo no Brasil, que os treinadores-atletas nem sempre são reconhecidos enquanto tal pelos companheiros de equipe e que sua prática é motivada por fatores extrínsecos e intrínsecos que variam ao longo do tempo. Considera-se relevante ouvir os praticantes de Basquetebol 3x3 para uma melhor compreensão da modalidade e, consequentemente, pensar em um processo de ensino, vivência e aprendizagem que contribua para uma formação ampla e crítica através deste esporte. Bem como, para que, por meio das demandas e anseios dos praticantes, gestores públicos e instituições esportivas proponham ações efetivas, no sentido de democratizar a prática e valorizar seus praticantes.

    Unitermos: Basquete 3x3. Esporte. Pedagogia do esporte. Educação Física. Gestão esportiva. Atleta.

 

Resumen

    Este estudio busca conocer el perfil de los practicantes de Baloncesto 3x3, sus conocimientos, perspectivas y sentimientos en relación a este deporte. Se trata de una investigación exploratoria, realizada a través de la aplicación de cuestionarios compuestos por preguntas abiertas y cerradas, con la participación de siete jugadores de Baloncesto 3x3 con una edad promedio de 29,1±5,7 años, residentes en diferentes regiones de Brasil. Entre otros resultados, el estudio apunta que el Baloncesto 3x3 carece de estímulo en Brasil, que los entrenadores-atletas no siempre son reconocidos como tales por sus compañeros y que su práctica está motivada por factores extrínsecos e intrínsecos que varían con el tiempo. Se considera relevante escuchar a los practicantes de Baloncesto 3x3 para una mejor comprensión de la modalidad y, en consecuencia, pensar en un proceso de enseñanza, experiencia y aprendizaje que contribuya a una formación amplia y crítica a través de este deporte. Así como, para que, a través de las demandas y aspiraciones de los practicantes, los gestores públicos y las instituciones deportivas propongan acciones efectivas, en el sentido de democratizar la práctica y valorizar a sus practicantes.

    Palabras clave: Baloncesto 3x3. Deporte. Pedagogía del deporte. Educación Física. Gestión del deporte. Deportista.

 

Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, Vol. 28, Núm. 301, Jun. (2023)

---

 

Introduction 

 

    3x3 Basketball (3x3B) is a sport institutionalized by International Basketball Federation (FIBA), which has been developing it since 2007 (Brasil, 2019; Brasil, Ribeiro, & Scaglia, 2019; Brasil, & Ribeiro, 2020; Canan, 2021; Brasil, Rodrigues, & Paes, 2022). FIBA suggests that 3x3B is one of the most "recreational sport" practiced in the world, with 12 around 250 million players (FIBA, 2012a). In April 2020, the official website of the sport containing the registration of events and players, “Play.FIBA.com”, indicated a total of 1,023,512 registered players¹, of which 218,036 were ranked, that is, players who participated in some competition registered in the system in the last year. Concerning Brazilian players, the site indicates 32,223 registers and 6,443 ranked players. (FIBA, 2020)

 

    As for the origin of 3x3B, FIBA relates it to Basketball (BB) played on the streets: “From the Streets to the World Stage” (FIBA, 2012b; FIBA, 2018); “3x3 is an opportunity for new players, organizers, and countries to go from the streets to the World Stage” (FIBA, [20-45 -?]); "From the Streets to the Olympics" (FIBA, 2017). This also brings us to Streetball (SB) (also known as "Basquete de Rua" in Brazil (BR)). The “Confederação Brasileira de Basketball” (CBB), makes direct mention of this practice, stating that 3x3B was inspired by different forms of SB: “Excitante, urbano e inovador, o 3x3 se inspirou em diversas formas de basquete de rua praticadas em todo mundo e é considerado o esporte urbano número 1 do planeta” (CBB, 2018). In addition to Petrov, & Bonev: “3x3 Basketball arises as a sport discipline, as a street sport known as Streetball”. (Petrov, & Bonev, 2018)

 

    Although the 3x3's notoriety increased after its Olympic debut, which took place in 2021 (De Rose, Brasil, & Santos, 2022), a search conducted in April 2020 up the “Sistema de Bibliotecas da Unicamp (SBU)²” indicates that the same does not occur in the scientific scenario, since there were 24 occurrences related to the terms “Basquete 3x3,” “Basketball 3x3,” “3x3 Basketball,” and “FIBA 3x3”, which, observing the exclusion criteria (articles that did not present the searched terms in the title or abstract, that did not have 3x3B as the main study object, and that were not published in Portuguese, English or Spanish, until 2020), enabled us to trace three articles that have 3x3B as the main study object. Of these, two approaches to the sport from the perspective of performance and/or training sport (Petrov, & Bonev, 2018; Conte et al., 2017) and another from a socio-educational perspective (Brasil, Ribeiro, & Scaglia, 2019). It was been shown that although to a certain extent, the articles found concern issues related to 3x3B practitioners, none of them focused on listening to their practitioners, central elements in the teaching, experience, learning, and sports training process. So, in this study, it was sought to determine the profile of 3x3B players who participated in a competition held in the “Região Metropolitana de Campinas” (RMC)³, their knowledge, perspectives, and feelings regarding this sport.

 

    This competition was chosen because of its representativeness since it had the participation of teams from different Brazilian states and cities, including athletes and teams that in the same year (2016) participated in the “Campeonato Brasileiro de Basquete 3x3” (organized by CBB (FIBA, 2016a; 2016b) and also the “International Challenge” held in the city of Sorocaba, located in the state of São Paulo, BR (FIBA, 2016c), a competition that qualified for one of the stages of the “World Tour”, one of the main 3x3B competition organized by FIBA aimed at male teams (except national teams) (Brasil, & Ribeiro, 2020). In this way, identifying not only the profile of these athletes, but also their knowledge, perspectives, and feelings regarding this sport.

 

Methods 

 

Research characterization 

 

    This qualitative research was based on the comparative method, which enables us to make comparisons to trace differences and similarities between groups of the present, past, or between the present and the past, as well as between societies independent of their level of development, making it possible to trace causal links between different factors (Marconi, & Lakatos, 2003). It was developed in three stages: bibliographic research; field research subdivided into three times (identification of possible volunteers; invitation to participation; questionnaire application); data analysis (Gil, 2008). The research that originated this article was submitted to and approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CAAE: 95982318.6.0000.5284.

 

Inclusion and exclusion criteria 

 

    Due to the low number of scientific publications about 3x3B identified (three), for analysis and understanding, institutional and journalistic websites were also considered as sources of information. As for the field research, the inclusion and exclusion criteria were established so our research had the participation of 3x3B athletes and not of those persons who sporadically participate in events of the sport. Thus, the inclusion criteria were: being aged at least 18 years on the date of data collection; being a member of a team that had participated in at least three stages and/or qualified for the final stage of a 3x3B competition held in 2016 at the RMC, since the winners of a stage would not need to dispute others until the final stage.

 

    The exclusion criteria were: persons who did not meet the inclusion criteria; people with incomplete or inactive profiles on the “Play.FIBA3x3.com” website; athletes who were not found through social networks for initial contact or who did not respond to the contact after viewing it; volunteers who could be directly involved with the research; those who did not agree with the research terms.

 

Procedures 

 

    To trace possible volunteers, the target competition’s data were accessed on the “Play.FIBA3x3.com” website, in which 52 male athletes were found who met the initially pre-established inclusion criteria. Of these, 35 had a complete profile in the FIBA system, of which 18 responded to the contact and showed interest in participating in the research. These were subsequently contacted via e-mail, to which a copy of the Free and Informed Consent Form (FICF) was attached in PDF format and included a link to access the online questionnaire consisting of 36 topics.

 

    The questionnaire was available for completion from April 4, 2018, to June 20, 2018. At the end of this period, the data collection was completed with a total of 7 questionnaires answered, a number that despite being relatively low represents 38.9% of the total volunteers who received the questionnaire, a representative percentage if one takes into account that, according to Marconi, & Lakatos (2003), in the case of printed questionnaires the response rate is 25%.

 

Participants 

 

    Seven male Brazilian 3x3B athletes with an average age of 29.1±5.7 years participated in this research, two of whom were residents of the southern region and five of the southeast region of BR, who represented three teams in the sport. Table 1 presents further information about the volunteers' profiles.

 

Who?	State	Age	Time of practice	Academic Level	Current Category4	Participation in other categories
Athlete 1	MS	37	3 years	Higher Education (complete)	Professional	Male Open
Athlete 2	MS	37	14 years	Higher Education (complete)	Professional (No longer participates)	Male Open
Athlete 3	SP	25	3 years	Not informed	(No longer participates)	Male Open
Athlete 4	SP	25	2 years 6 months	Higher Education (incomplete)	Male Open	Male Open
Athlete 5	SP	28	5 years	Higher Education (complete)	Professional, Elite	Male open, College
Athlete 6	SP	29	2 years	Secondary Education (complete)	(No longer participates)	Male Open
Athlete 7	SP	23	More than 10 years	Secondary Education (complete)	(No longer participates)	Male Open

Abbreviations: Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) and São Paulo (SP). Note: The practice time is indicated as 

informed by the practitioners, it is not possible to accurately inform the Athlete 7. Source: Own elaboration

 

Instruments 

 

    Considering that our possible volunteers lived in different Brazilian states and cities, it was decided to use questionnaires as data collection instruments, since they enable us to cover a large geographical area (Thomas, & Nelson, 2012). The questionnaires were prepared and applied through "Google Docs," an online tool that generated savings and sustainability, facilitating the sending and response, as well as enabling volunteers to answer at the most opportune time, also limiting the contact between them and the researcher, reducing the possibility of this having some type of influence on responses. The questionnaire used in this research was structured into 5 sections containing topics, of which 24 open topics (19 open responses in paragraph format; 3 short responses; 1 email filling; 1 date of birth) and 14 closed topics (5 in checkbox format that allows selection of more than one item; 9 multiple-choice questions).

 

Data analysis 

 

    The data analysis was based on the content analysis proposed by Bardin (2011), developed in three stages: pre-analysis, consisting of the organization and systematization of the material - delimitation of the axes of analysis, development of the hypotheses and objectives; exploration of the material, consisting in data reduction, an in-depth study based on the theoretical framework and the coding, classification, and categorization processes; inferential interpretation, consisting in interpreting the manifest and latent content in the records referring to field research and in the textual preparation of the categories.

 

    To assist in this process, it was used the "QSR Nvivo 12" software (free trial version, available for a limited time), through which were organized the questionnaires’ content and classified it into “nodes” (categories) and 29 “secondary nodes” (subcategories). After analyzing the field research data and determining the categories and subcategories, it sought to reflect on the information obtained from the comparison of data from different sources (bibliographic and documentary).

 

Results 

 

Categorization and transcription 

 

    Categories are highlighted below and respective subcategories prepared based on our data:

 

3x3 Basketball history 

 

    How they learned about 3x3B 

 

    In this category it was sought to determine the volunteers’ history as to 3x3B; to facilitate data interpretation, was subdivided them into 10 subcategories, as shown below:

 

Source: Own elaboration

    BB practice before starting 3x3B practice 

 

    All research participants declared having practiced BB before starting to practice 3x3B, and five volunteers (Athletes 1, 2, 5, and 7) declared that they had already trained in some institution (clubs, municipal government, social projects, etc.), while Athletes 3, 4 and 6 indicated that they practiced BB as a hobby.

 

    Invitation to Brazilian team of 3x3 Basketball or Basketball 

 

    None of the volunteers had a history of invitation to the Brazilian 3x3B or BB Team until the date of filling out the questionnaire.

 

    Participation in the International StreetBall League 

 

    Athletes 2, 5, and 6 declared having participated in the “Liga Internacional de Basquete de Rua” (LIIBRA)\l " before starting to compete in 3x3B.

 

    About adaptation to3x3B 

 

    An athlete suggested having adapted quickly:

 

    - Athlete 1: "Quickly... the intense play style matches mine a lot."

 

    Four volunteers suggested that adaptation was easy:

 

    - Athlete 5: “It was considerable! Adaptation really to the rules!”;

 

    - Athlete 7: “It was easy because I already saw how they played”;

 

    - Athlete 2: “Smooth and very favorable”;

 

    - Athlete 6: “Easy adaptation.”

    One of the volunteers suggested it was not easy:

 

    - Athlete 4: "It is not easy, because basketball requires a lot of training and willpower."

 

    What motivated volunteers to practice 3x3B initially 

 

    - Athlete 6: “Pleasure”;

 

    - Athlete 5: “Love for the basketball sport mode”;

 

    - Athlete 7: “Practice”;

 

    - Athlete 4: “I like it very much”;

 

    - Athlete 1: “Because there are tournaments often and we have the opportunity to play high-level competitions with high frequency”;

 

    - Athlete 2: "Basketball itself to me has always been a reason for new friendships";

 

    - Athlete 3: - “the popularization of the sport in several places.”

 

    Current motivation to practice 3x3B 

 

    - Athlete 5: “To play in a World Tour”;

 

    - Athlete 7: “’Cause I like it”;

 

    - Athlete 4: “I like it, and I think it’s very interesting and makes me feel good”;

 

    - Athlete 1: “The search for a place to compete in a WT”;

 

    - Athlete 2: “The interactivity and dynamism of the competition”;

 

    - Athlete 3: "The development in competitions."

 

    What contributed to you stopping practicing 3x3B 

 

    - Athlete 6: “laziness”

 

    Who encourages you to practice 3x3B 

 

    Athlete 3 declared to be encouraged by friends, Athletes 5, 6, and 7 by nobody, and the others (Athletes 1, 2, and 4) declared to be encouraged by friends and/or family.

 

    Do you have some paid occupation related to 3x3B 

 

    One of the volunteers had a paid occupation, but not as an athlete:

 

    - Athlete 5: “Yeah, I work with 3x3 Basketball events at ‘Institution X.’”

 

    Another volunteer reported that he held a position related to 3x3B, but without remuneration:

 

    - Athlete 2: “3x3 basketball technical director at ‘Institution Y’ of ‘State X.’”

 

Knowledge and opinion about 3x3B 

 

    Here it sought to highlight the opinion and knowledge of the volunteers regarding the sport. This category was subdivided into 5 subcategories:

 

    About holding competitions in places that are atypical to the sport, such as malls, parking lots, parks, etc., where the events take place: 

 

    Positive points 

 

    - Athlete 6: "A good way to generate interest in the public that’s unfamiliar with 3x3 basketball";

 

    - Athlete 5: “Extremely important for the development of the sport”;

 

    - Athlete 7: “Good place to choose”;

 

    - Athlete 1: “Any place is a good place for 3x3 basketball, it promotes the sport, this is a highlight of 3x3 basketball [...]”;

 

    - Athlete 2: "That’s what makes this sport different and attractive... you just need a backboard!";

 

    Negative points 

 

    - Athlete 1: “[...] to me, the bad issue is only about the structure, court and backboards, sun and wind...”;

 

    - Athlete 3: "Some are very well organized, others are not."

 

    Professionalization of the sport 

 

    - Athlete 1: “[...] 3x3 basketball is a new sport, which has already become professional in some corners of the world and we are striving to do that here in Brazil too.”

 

    About the rules 

 

    Athletes 4, 5, 6, and 7 consider the rules to be adequate or coherent, three of them emphasize that they contribute to the dynamics of the game, one suggests that the rules need adjustments, and another one that they generate doubts:

 

    - Athlete 1: "I still think it needs adjustments as to the fouls... in general I like the dynamism";

 

    - Athlete 2: “They help with the dynamics of the game, but sometimes they generate doubts”:

 

    About how athletes are selected for BR’s 3x3 Basketball team 

 

    Four volunteers declared they did not know how athletes are selected, two volunteers declared having such knowledge and one believes they have:

 

    - Athlete 5: “Yes! FIBA3x3 ranking”;

 

    - Athlete 1: “Yes, by invitation in the CBB”;

 

    - Athlete 2: "I think so... they should be selected according to the FIBA 3x3 ranking and skills."

 

    3x3 basketball as a means for personal and social transformation 

 

    - Athlete 5: I consider 3x3 Basketball as an excellent pedagogical tool for socio-educational transformation, a very useful tool for transforming the future of children and young people.”

 

Difficulties and facilitating factors for the practice of 3x3 Basketball 

 

    Statements collected here show the difficulties faced in the practice of 3x3B; this topic was distributed into seven subcategories.

 

    Inadequate courts 

 

    - Athlete 3: “Quality courts and gyms.”

 

    Influence of the place where they live on the practice of 3x3 basketball 

    

    - Athlete 6: “[...] Lack of places to practice the sport”;

 

    - Athlete 5: “[...] We find it difficult to go to competition stages that are held far from São Paulo because we don't have sponsorship”;

 

    - Athlete 4: “We don't have many 3x3 events in the city”;

 

    - Athlete 1: “[...] it makes it even harder...”;

 

    - Athlete 2: “[...] it is much more complicated to live here and participate in competitions that are usually held in the Rio/São Paulo axis”;

 

    - Athlete 3: “[...] there is a lot of competitions in SP and region. And that makes it easier.”

 

    Difficulties related to the rules 

 

    - Athlete 6: "Most don’t understand the rules";

 

    - Athlete 7: “The rules.”

 

    Lack of support 

 

    - Athlete 5: “In Brazil, there is a lack of support for the development of the sport in general! We usually don't support sports”;

 

    - Athlete 4: “Lack of government support.”

 

    Financial difficulties 

 

    - Athlete 1: “Travel costs”;

 

    Court size and number of people involved 

 

    - Athlete 3: “The smaller number of people involved about traditional basketball”;

 

    - Athlete 4: “Few players”;

 

    - Athlete 6: “Space and number of athletes”;

 

    - Athlete 2: "The fact that it uses half the court... it needs fewer players...";

 

    - Athlete 5: “Physical space! One backboard, the court measuring 15 to 11 meters”.

 

    - Athlete 7: “The presence of a referee”

 

    Private incentive 

 

    - Athlete 1: “Private incentive...”

 

About the “Play.FIBA3x3.com” platform/website 

 

    This category highlights the volunteers’ opinions regarding the digital platform created by FIBA called “Play.FIBA 3x3.com” In this regard, it was possible to establish two subcategories.

 

    Positive points: 

 

    - Athlete 6: “Well formulated. Easy understanding and good interaction with the profiles”;

 

    - Athlete 5: “Very well organized! Information on the website is clear.”;

 

    - Athlete 4: “Great”;

 

    - Athlete 2: “Practical and extremely important for ranking”;

 

    - Athlete 1: "I am registered, everything on Planet, only for CBB events the registration is done directly with them, and CBB includes it on Planet."

 

    Negative points: 

 

    - Athlete 7: “A bit complicated”;

 

    - Athlete 3: "I think it's good, but the updates according to the stages of the tournament are slow."

 

About 3x3B training 

 

    All volunteers in our survey stated that their corresponding teams were conducting 3x3 Basketball training. In this category it sought to highlight how this occurred; to that end, this information was separated into three subcategories:

 

    Unsupervised training 

 

    Two volunteers (Athletes 3 and 1) declared that they conducted training without the supervision of a coach, with only friendly matches being played.

 

    Training under the supervision of a student or professional in physical education or sports science 

 

    Four volunteers (Athletes 2, 4, 5, and 6) declared being part of teams that trained 3x3 Basketball with the supervision of a coach – student or professional trained in Physical Education or Sports Sciences.

 

    Coach and athlete (dual role) 

 

    Athletes 2, 6, and 4 declare that the coach of their corresponding teams also had a role as an athlete in them.

 

    Meaning of 3x3B to volunteers 

 

    In this category it sought to determine what 3x3B means to volunteers:

 

    - Athlete 6: "A chance to compete in well-organized competitions practicing the sport I like";

 

    - Athlete 5: “Everything! Much love for Basketball”;

 

    - Athlete 7: “A great sport”;

 

    - Athlete 4: “A very promising sport, a way to have fun.”;

 

    - Athlete 1: "Today it’s my main sport, I even have more affection for it than I did for conventional basketball";

 

    - Athlete 2: "Lately, everything... although I no longer participate playing, I participate strongly in supporting, organizing and explaining the sport";

 

    - Athlete 3: "A growing sport and a huge help for national basketball."

 

Influence of 3x3B on other sports practices 

 

    Here volunteers’ opinions were highlighted as to the possibility of 3x3 Basketball somehow influencing the practice of Basketball and Street Basketball in different contexts. There are two subcategories in this category.

 

    About the possible influence of 3x3B on Streetball events 

 

    - Athlete 6: “Speaking of my region, yeah. Empirically, I see that the organizers and athletes of the old street tournaments have followed the trend”;

 

    - Athlete 7: “As it is a new category, I think it has a lot of influence”;

 

    - Athlete 1: "I think so because 3x3 basketball has nothing to do with streetball, and there’s even a division... which is bad";

 

    - Athlete 3: “Yeah. The standardization of 3x3 basketball has significantly reduced street competitions”;

 

    - Athlete 5: “No! They are distinct movements!”;

    

    - Athlete 4: “I don’t believe so”;

    

    - Athlete 2: "I don't think so... I think that, yeah, managers have become managers only."

 

    Influence of 3x3B on how BB is practiced in public and/or open-access courts 

 

    - Athlete 3: “Yeah, sure. The practice has become very popular after the creation of the 3x3 category”;

 

    - Athlete 5: “Yeah! There was a very in-depth study to get to the 3x3 basketball that comes from parks like Ibirapuera, Hooters Park”;

 

    - Athlete 4: "Yep, because it is a new form of basketball that is more dynamic";

 

    - Athlete 2: "Not so much, but now ‘cause it’s become an Olympic sport it’s starting to influence";

 

    - Athlete 6: “I haven't noticed any relevant influences yet. The famous "scratch games" (pick-up games) continue to be played with the same "customs/rules" depending on each court”;

 

    - Athlete 7: "No, the rules are different";

 

    - Athlete 1: "Not here in my state yet... in public parks, there is still some resistance as to playing in the 3x3 rules."

 

Expectation about 3x3B after the Olympics 

 

    Here the players’ expectations were highlighted about 3x3 Basketball, considering that the sport was included in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games:

 

    - Athlete 6: “Optimist”;

 

    - Athlete 7: “Great”;

 

    - Athlete 4: “very positive, it will be a showcase for the world”;

 

    - Athlete 1: "It’s difficult to predict something, but it’s a fact that just by becoming an Olympic sport it has already given good visibility to the sport";

 

    - Athlete 2: “The best possible”;

 

    - Athlete 3: "Increasingly bigger, more popular, and more structured."

 

Discussion 

 

    It is observed that only two volunteers declared having learned about it through communication (internet, TV, magazines, etc.); therefore, it can be said that face-to-face social relations – represented in the responses of four volunteers as "friends and/or relatives" and of two of them as "events" (whether organizing or participating in them) – had, at least to this group of practitioners, greater influence on the dissemination of the sport. It is also noted that all volunteers have a history of BB practice before 3x3B, with four of them having trained in some institution (clubs, municipal governments, social projects, etc.), which may indicate that they participated in competitions. However, the fact that three volunteers declared that they practiced BB as a hobby does not preclude the possibility that they also participated in this type of event, as in the case of Athlete 6, who had already participated in competitions such as LIIBRA, which may also indicate that he considered competing in these events a hobby.

 

    Concerning the time they have practiced 3x3B, two volunteers declared having practiced the sport for more than ten years, which conflicts with the history of this sport, since despite this sport being developed since 2007 (Brasil, 2019; Brasil, & Ribeiro, 2020; Brasil, Rodrigues, & Paes, 2022; Canan, 2021), at world level, the first competition took place in 2010, on the Asian continent (Brasil, 2019; Brasil, & Ribeiro, 2020; Brasil, Rodrigues, & Paes, 2022; FIBA, [20--?]), less than ten years before the date of our data collection. It can also indicate that from the perspective of these volunteers, 3x3B may be synonymous with Streetball, which may reflect the way this practice is sometimes been presented in BR since at least the 1990s, as a game played between teams composed of trios in a game space similar in size to a half BB court, using only one backboard (Jornal do Brasil, 1993; Silva, & Correia, 2008; Paes, Montagner, & Ferreira, 2009). In addition, characteristics like the objective of launching the ball into a hoop fixed at a certain height to score and fundamentals (body control, ball control, dribbling, passing, shooting, and rebounding) can be highlighted, that are common to both. (Snoj, 2021; De Rose, Brasil, & Santos, 2022; Brasil, 2019)

 

    The hypothesis that practitioners can correlate 3x3B to Streetball is reinforced by Athlete 5, who mentions places that are recognized as popular as this practice when talking about the origin of 3x3B: "[...] There was a very in-depth study to get to the 3x3 basketball that comes from parks like Ibirapuera, Hooters Park." (Athlete 5). The study mentioned by Athlete 5 was not find, so it is thought that his perspective and that of others may have been influenced by the way FIBA ([20--?]; 2012; 2017), CBB (2018), news (Hawad, 2014; Romanelli, 2012) and researchers (Petrov, & Bonev, 2018) have presented 3x3B over the years, sometimes relating it directly or indirectly to places like these and/or to Streetball itself. Even though there may have been some direct or indirect inspiration from FIBA in Streetball (Brasil, Rodrigues, & Paes, 2022; Canan. 2021; Brasil, 2019; Brasil, Ribeiro, & Scaglia, 2019), mainly in its manifestation as a game of threes to create the B3x3, it is a mistake to consider such practices as synonymous.

 

    Since that, Streetball is a corporal practice of popular culture, a quasi-sport, and content of the "Knowledge" element of Hip-Hop (Brasil, Rodrigues, & Paes, 2022), which is characterized as a practice whose rules and characteristics vary from place to place (Brasil et al., 2018; Brasil, Rodrigues, & Paes. 2022) or from one promoting institution to another (Brasil, 2019), while 3x3B is an institutionalized sport worldwide and an Olympic discipline, with rules and norms that delimit its practice throughout the world. (Brasil, Rodrigues, & Paes, 2022; Brasil, 2019; Brasil, & Ribeiro, 2020; De Rose, Brasil, & Santos, 2022)

 

    Regarding motivation to practice sports, research conducted with female children and adolescents who practice BB indicates that there are intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can influence it (Souza et al., 2019). Bernardes, Yamaji, & Guedes (2015) indicate that there are influences from social, environmental, and individual indicators that motivate young people to choose certain sports practices and not others. It can be said that this also occurs concerning the practice of 3x3B in adulthood, since such issues can be observed in the statements of our volunteers, with regard both to encouraging the practice and the motivations for that.

 

    The results also indicate that over time the motivation to practice 3x3B changed, initially intrinsic factors were predominant, such as pleasure, appreciation for the sport, playing with friends, or making new friends. Therefore, it can say that the practice of 3x3B was initially related to "Fun", which according to Bernardes, Yamaji, & Guedes (2015) can occur if the sport is "seen in a playful way, where the actions can be more flexible and less rigorous" promoting "[…] a pleasant way to occupy free time" (Bernardes, Yamajai, & Guedes, 2015, p. 168). From this perspective, it can say that "Fun" in 3x3B can be favored by the flexibility provided by FIBA by not requiring teams to have coaches and formal ties with other sports institutions (for example, clubs) to participate in several approved competitions, with practitioners being responsible for forming their teams, selecting competitions and participating in those that interest them.

 

    Subsequently, there was a predominance of motivations that are extrinsic to the practice of 3x3B, mainly associated with competitions, such as seeking the classification to play a World Tour and the interaction provided by this type of event. This indicates that the search for recognition and competition that motivates young male athletes (Bernardes, Yamajai, & Guedes, 2015) also motivates adult practitioners of the same sex. It also indicates that these issues may be related not only to sex or age but to the length of time spent in a particular sport and the experiences obtained in the process of living the sport, that is, the longer the time of practice and participation in competitions, there may be the predominance of motivations for sports-related to recognition and competition. Regarding the length of time spent in the sport, Bernardes, Yamaji, & Guedes (2015) suggest that the fact that young men have more "opportunities in high-level sports, particularly in the professional field, seeking confrontation, competition, results, as a consequence, comparing performance with oneself and others can lead them to stay in the sport" Bernardes, Yamajai, & Guedes, 2015, p. 169) compared with young women. Our data do not allow us to prove this statement, however, the fact that the target competition of our research does not have a female category may indicate that it is correct, at least as far as 3x3B in the RMC is concerned. In addition, draws our attention to the “Play.fiba3x3.com” system, which allows searching and registering for competitions, as well as comparing results and rank in the national and world ranking, which can be an important extrinsic motivational factor for staying in 3x3B, since the authors suggest that the search for competitions, results and the comparison of performance may influence this.

 

    Accordingly, it can also add that although 3x3B has been facing structural and natural problems as stated by Athlete 1 "[...] courts and backboard, sun and wind" and organizational problems as pointed out by Athlete 3, as indicated by Brasil, Ribeiro, & Scaglia (2019), the sport has characteristics that may contribute so it is included in different contexts (schools, clubs, colleges, and social projects) and settings (school courts, parks, and public squares, parking lots and gyms), which according to our volunteers is "A good way to generate interest in the public that is unfamiliar with 3x3 Basketball” (Athlete 6), “Extremely important for the development of the sport” (Athlete 5).

 

    The results also indicate that intrinsic and extrinsic issues, as well as social and environmental factors associated with the choice of a particular sport (Bernardes, Yamajai, & Guedes, 2015; Souza et al., 2019), are also correlated with quitting the sport. This is evident when considering that one of our volunteers (Athlete 6), who coincidentally was not encouraged by friends and/or family, declared having quit practicing the sport due to "laziness," which may also have been influenced by the reported lack of places to practice in his region, or even by other commitments such as work, since his source of income was not 3x3B. Still, about quitting this sport in BR, Athlete 5 provides us with indications of what may be the main extrinsic reason for that: "[...] there is a lack of support for the development of the sport in general! We usually don't support sports” (Athlete 5). This is also reflected in the statement of Athlete 2, who lives in Mato Grosso do Sul and claims: “[...] it is much more complicated to live here and participate in competitions that are usually held in the Rio/São Paulo axis”. Volunteers living in the state of São Paulo also state they face difficulties arising from the lack of support for the sport: “We don't have many 3x3 events in the city” (Athlete 4); “[...] We find it difficult to go to competition stages that are held far from São Paulo because we don't have sponsorship” (Athlete 5).

 

    Another issue that calls our attention is that at least one athlete from each team represented here declared that their training sessions were conducted under the supervision of a student or professional of Physical Education or Sports Sciences. An interesting fact is that in two of them, the coach also had the role of athlete, which impaired his recognition as a coach since athletes from these teams disagreed as to the existence of this professional. Considering that researches indicate that personal relationships form the basis for positive development through sports (Côté, & Hancock, 2014), including the coach-athlete relationship (Camiré, Trudel, & Bernard, 2013; Brasil, Ribeiro, & Scaglia, 2019), it seems to us that the discrepancy between our volunteers in recognizing the presence of the coach in their respective teams may indicate that the coach, by also being an athlete, not only impairs his recognition as a coach but to a certain extent the coach-athlete relationship and consequently the development of those involved in the teaching, experience, learning, and training process. Still regarding the dual role as coach and athlete, although results do not clarify why this was the case, it is considered that it may be a strategy so coaches interact with their teams during games in official competitions since the official rules of the sport do not allow coaches to interact with athletes during games in official competitions (FIBA, [2022?]; Brasil, Ribeiro, & Scaglia, 2019) and/or it can be a way to make up for the absence of any athlete at a given event or even for these coaches to be part of the teams as athletes regardless of the rules of the sport or the number of players available for competition.

 

    Also, concerning training or even teaching 3x3B, it is important to highlight that the fact that all volunteers had practiced BB before starting to practice this new sport may have contributed to these subjects having an easy or quick adaptation process, as many have stated. It is believed that this is related to the fact that these sports practices have common rules since the rules of Basketball complement those of 3x3B (FIBA, [2022?]), the same fundamentals (shot, pass, dribble, body control, ball control, and rebound) (Brasil, Ribeiro, & Scaglia, 2019; Brasil, 2019; De rose, Brasil, & Santos, 2022), objectives (on offense, score by shooting the ball into the hoop and on defense, prevent opponents from scoring). This hypothesis gains strength if it is considered that what the athletes considered difficult in the process of adapting to 3x3B is related to the physical demands required in the sport and the learning of its specific rules. Therefore, the similarities between BB and 3x3B can make it easier for teachers and coaches to think about the teaching, experience, and learning process of these sports to students or athletes can have diversified experiences, whether shifting between one sport and another or even in roles played in each of them and, why not, the Streetball too, since it also shares such foundations and objectives. That may contribute to developing intrinsic motivation, and competitive spirit and tends to prolong sports participation throughout life. (Côté, Turnnidge, & Evans, 2014)

 

    Based on the data obtained our attention is also drawn to the possible influence that 3x3B has on Streetball and BB. Jesus, & Votre (2012) suggest that as the 2014 Soccer "World Cup" approached, CUFA started to invest in this sport through the "Taça das Favelas" project, while Streetball took a back seat. Interestingly, 2010, indicated by Jesus, & Votre (2012) as the year when Streetball events began to occur in smaller numbers in BR, as seen earlier, was the year when FIBA officially launched 3x3B worldwide, that is, from this period on the national federations affiliated to FIBA started to conduct the new sport. Therefore, it seems to us that the creation of 3x3B and its worldwide institutionalization may also have influenced the decrease in Streetball events in this country. The contributions of our volunteers seem to corroborate this perspective: "[...] Empirically, I see that the organizers and athletes of the old street competitions followed the trend" (Athlete 6); "[...] The standardization of 3x3 Basketball has considerably reduced street competitions" (Athlete 3). To a certain extent, these perspectives of our volunteers also dialogue with one of the findings of Jesus, & Votre (2012): "We have found, according to the practitioners' discourse, that the culture of street basketball has been succumbing to universalization, abandoning the characteristics of the sport, returning to the standard, in this case, traditional basketball" (37, p. 942) (translation of the authors).

 

    Although the institutionalization of 3x3B may have influenced the decrease in Streetball competitions in BR, this does not occur in the way that BB or Streetball have been practiced in leisure spaces, as suggested by Athletes 6, 7, and 1 when affirming that the FIBA rules are not used in public courts, emphasis is given to the contribution of Athlete 1 “[...] in public parks there is still a certain resistance as to playing in the 3x3 rules” and Athlete 6 who states that in the “rachão”,⁵ the way the game is played varies from one location to another, which reinforces the perspective of Brasil, Scaglia, & Paes (2018), who suggest that the practice of 3x3B in the RMC is restricted to competitions. Despite this, Athlete 3 indicates that with the popularization of 3x3B, there has been an increase in the number of people playing or interested in playing BB in leisure spaces, the methodology of this research does not allow us to infer if this is occurring, but, if Athlete 3's statement is correct, it can say that even though 3x3 B is not practiced on public and/or free-access courts outside the competitive context as suggested by Brasil, Scaglia, & Paes (2018), the sport mode has contributed to the dissemination and mass adoption of BB and/or even Streetball, at least in the region where Athlete 3 resides.

 

Conclusions 

 

    This study showed that in BR 3x3B is sometimes mistakenly confused with Streetball and that in the period in which data collection was carried out (2018), its practice was limited to events registered in the "Play.FIBA3x3.com" system. As for the first contact with this sport, the volunteers indicated that it happened mainly through friends and family and that initially intrinsic factors predominated for the practice, while over time extrinsic factors prevailed. It was also evident that there are barriers to the practice of 3x3B in BR, such as a lack of suitable places for training and practice, competitions concentrated in two states in the southeastern region of the country, and a lack of support and incentive for the practice, reflected, for example, in the non-remuneration for the role of athlete, therefore, not being able to dedicate himself exclusively to this 3x3B. It can contribute to demotivating and abandoning the practice. Concerning coaches, it was evidenced that some athletes declared that their teams had them, while others (some from the same team) did not, which is perhaps justified by the fact that these characters also acted as athletes, that is, coach-athletes, making it difficult to their recognition as such by their peers.

 

    This study showed that it is extremely important that theoretical and empirical research focused on 3x3B and other sports are not limited to aspects related to sports performance, but that they seek to give voice to athletes and practitioners since these are central elements in the teaching process, experience, learning, and training and can provide important contributions for teachers, coaches, managers, and other professionals to better understand sports practices in different contexts (leisure, professional, amateur, and others) and, in this way, reflect on the organization, systematization and mediation of pedagogical intervention and the proposition of policies and actions that seek to contribute to the democratization of access to them so that they contribute to a broad and critical formation of the subjects.

 

Acknowledgements 

 

    To the volunteers who participated in the research. The "Associação Esportiva Cultural Pentágono", "Laboratório de Estudos em Pedagogía do Esporte" and "Grupo de Estudos em Pedagogía do Esporte". “Espaço da Escrita” of University of Campinas (translation of text). This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

 

Notes 

1. Note that there may be duplicate profiles on the website, so the number of registered people may be fewer than indicated. In addition, the fact that the number of ranked people is considerably smaller than the total registered players may indicate that there is evasion from the sport, which also contributes so the number of registered players being lower than that of players.

2. SBU is an integrated search system at the “State University of Campinas” (UNICAMP) that allows the university's internal community to find and access the more than 15 thousand titles (books, scientific journals, databases, among others) of free or private access acquired by it, such as "Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo)", "PubMed," "EBSCOHost," "Portal Capes," among others (SBU-UNICAMP, [2020?a];[2020?b];[2020c]). Thus, it reduces costs and expands the scope of data surveys and access. We used the following exclusion criteria: articles that did not present the searched terms in the title or abstract, that did not have 3x3B as the main study object, and that were not published in Portuguese, English, or Spanish, until 2020.

3. Created in 2000, the RMC consists of 20 municipalities, having 3.2 million inhabitants according to an estimate for 2018 made by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), which makes it the second largest metropolitan area of the state of São Paulo (SP) in the number of population (EMPLASA; GIB/CDI, [2019?]). In addition, it has an important economic position at the state level, having generated 8.75% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the entire State in 2016 (EMPLASA; GIB/CDI, [2019?]).

4. Some participants did not declare the current or last category, indicating only that they no longer participate in competitions, another one indicated the current category and that they no longer participate, in this case, we understand that the volunteer indicated the last category in which he played in 3x3 Basketball.

5. As pick-up basketball games are called in some places in Brazil, roughly translated as “scratch games”.

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Lecturas: Educación Física y Deportes, Vol. 28, Núm. 301, Jun. (2023)