Determination of the scale of values for the offensive technical and tactical performance of Cuban volleyball. Part 1
Introduction
Once the significance of the scale of values is validated in the first part
(Calero; Suárez & Fernández, 2012, 2016), the present article shows the
observational guide to record the technical and tactical development of
high-level volleyball, as well as the mathematical models used to process the
variable registered, allowing to create, based on percentiles 90, 75, 50 and 25
the general qualitative scales that allow evaluating the individual performance
of national volleyball players.
The statistical formulas used regulate the variables of the individual technical
and tactical performance based on two basic concepts, which are represented by
two well-known words in volleyball, although used and interpreted differently.
These models are Effectiveness and Quality, the first only interprets three
variables significantly influential in the final performance, two in the
numerator and one in the denominator Calero, 2009), while the quality model
perfectly delimits each variable used, assigning it a numerical value that
depends on its importance, including four or more variables significantly
influential (Calero, 2009).
Effectiveness is an equivalent to reality, certainty, security, endurance,
guarantee... (Compact Océano, 2006, p. 198). Effectiveness as a formula
determines those players who are secure in their performance, that is to say,
those that win more points than lose, including the calculation model of
Ineffectiveness, indispensable for skills like Block, which usually gives more
points to the opponent.
On the other hand, the Quality equation, which...”referring to the possible
ways to do things means «class» and is only applied to the degree they
have in the good and bad scale...” (Moliner, 1994. p. 464), allows giving each
action a different numerical value that will be higher or lower according to the
performance.
Summing up, Quality is a quantitative value that represents the gradable
implication of each variable registered for the technical and tactical
performance in relation with the final performance, which is measurable
according to its relationship with the precedent technique, both individual and
collective, becoming a unique component.
The isoelastic models to calculate Quality allow incorporating four or more
technical and tactical actions, which depend of the technique executed. The
numeric values assigned to each variable vary depending on the implication of
every technical and tactical action of the final performance. In the present
paper are only described those models that processed the variables of the
technical and tactical performance of the offensive skills stated in the first
part.
Variables
of the study
Both, this part as the previously published include the following variables to
study the offensive technical and tactical skills (Attack, Block, Serve), which
were registered through the observational methodology used by the Cuban
Volleyball Federation and digitally available in Calero & Suárez, 2012.
Serve
variables
(+)
POSITIVE (4)
(*)
ASTERISK (3)
-
It
occurs when the opponent receives the serve and directly sends it to where
the service started.
-
When
the rival, after a defective serve receive, has to deliver the ball due to
the impossibility of creating an offensive play, both in the second and
the third touch of the ball.
(0)
ZERO (2)
(/)
SLASH (1)
(-)
NEGATIVE (0)
-
If
the service touches the net or gets out of the contrary’s area.
-
If
the player commits any kind of technical foul in the service, established
in the rules.
Particular
considerations of the technical and tactical fundament
-
When receiving, if the players in charge of the second or third contact with
the ball, respectively, does not execute their task previously determined,
the serve will be evaluated according to the position of the ball in the
court after the receive, for a later record of an opponent’s fault as it
corresponds.
-
If the opponent’s receive send the ball to the best position of the court
where all the Attack combinations can be done (3&2), but the height of
the ball does not surpass the minimum level established from the navel of
the setter, the Serve will not be evaluated with slash (/) but with zero
(0).
-
The record of variables of this fundament varies according to the level. In
the case of the first categories, the national leagues, the Olympiads of
Cuban Sport and the national youth Olympiads, both masculine and feminine,
are sued five variables to record this fundament, due to objectivity
problems. In the international competitions sponsored by the International
Volleyball Federation (FIVB) the fundament should registered six variables,
due to the level of the events.
Attack variables
(+)
POSITIVE (4)
-
If
an ace is obtained by making contact with the ball in the opponent’s
court.
-
If
the ball is touched by any player when blocking or receiving, but cannot
make further contact.
(0)
ZERO (2)
-
If
the defense to the attack sends the ball directly in the first contact to
the attacker’s court, or the defense or block is limited so that the ball
must be easily delivered.
-
If
at the time of the spike the contrary’s block directs the ball to the
attacker’s area if and when the support to the attack or the defense turns
out to be satisfactory, that is to say it has a positive (+) evaluation or
zero (0) that causes an initiative in the rival’s offensive.
(/)
SLASH (1)
-
The
defense or the opponent’s blocking is able to contain the projection of
the attack, favouring a rival’s counter-attack and a pass with at least a
positional option.
-
In
the opponent’s block projects the attack to our court and the defense or
support to the block is unable to set the ball correctly, causing a delivery
to the country.
(-)
NEGATIVE (0)
-
By
committing a technical foul.
-
By
sending the ball against the net or out of the contrary’s area.
-
If
the rival blocks the attacker and scores a point.
Particular
considerations of the technical and tactical fundament
-
In
case that in the block skill a technical foul is committed at the time of
executing a spike and is noted that the attack is directed against the net or
out of the rival’s court limits, the attack will not be taken into account
for its quantification (it becomes a rival’s foul for the CB case). If the
spike is satisfactorily aimed at the opponent’s area and the opponent’s
blocking commits a foul and the defense raise the ball with any kind of
quality and the ball makes contact with the rival’s court or the block
deflects the ball out of the reach of the players, the spike is evaluated as
positive.
-
If
after a defense action, the players in charge of the second or third contact,
respectively, do not execute their technical and tactical responsibility
previously established while they can satisfactorily continue into the game,
the attack will be evaluated according to the location of the ball in the
court made by the defense, and therefore the registration of a foul of the
opponent as it corresponds.
Block variables
(+)
POSITIVE (4)
-
When
blocking the ball makes direct contact with the opponent’s area, scoring a
point.
-
If
the ball has been touched by the other team but it couldn’t be kept in the
game.
(0)
ZERO (2)
-
If
the opponent cannot attack delivering the ball to our grounds.
-
If
a defensive block occurs that allows a defense or support to the own
blocking action in relation to the win and if the passer has at least one
possibility of tactical combination.
-
If
the opponent’s defense in the first contact with the ball sends it to our
grounds.
(/)
SLASH (1)
-
If
the ball at the time of being in contact with our grounds must be delivered
due to the difficult trajectory.
-
The
support to the attack of the opponent team is able to raise the ball
satisfactorily and they can combine with at least one possibility.
(-)
NEGATIVE (0)
-
When
blocking there is contact with the ball deflecting its course, which thwarts
defense and subsequent counter-attack
-
When
committing a technical foul.
Particular
considerations of the technical and tactical performance
-
In
the case of double and triple block regardless of the evaluation of the
action, the scale should first registered that who touches the ball and then
the rest of the players by order, according to the level of participation.
This option will be recorded if it is necessary to know other data related to
the Block skill, if the case, by knowing only the player who performed the
main action is enough, since only the player responsible will be registered,
regardless of the action executed.
-
Prior
agreement, if when attacking on one side of the court there is only one
opposite block that makes no contact with the ball and the defense is unable
to contain the spike, the negative action will be on the middle blocker for
not becoming part of the blocking action, disregarding the value of the
defense and the block of another player. If the individual block makes contact
with the ball and the action is different from the positive (+) one, the
observational evaluation will be added to his performance and to whom the
double block concerns.
-
Every block is computable if
and when there is visible contact with the ball.
-
In
the relationship established between blocking and defense, in the case of
recording a negative variable, it must be noted which is the responsible of
the action, and the negative variable goes to the fundament that most
influence had in the loss. If the defense is selected, blocking will be
recorded with a slash variable, if there was contact with the ball.
Mathematical
models
The
process to obtain the scales is determined by the statistic formula to be
applied, these are used according to the object of evaluation as well as the
possibilities for its record and processing. Tables 1 and 2 describe the scales
according to the statistical models of Effectiveness and Quality present in
Calero S., 2009, and specified in the first part.
In
Table 1 the information is organized from calculations made with mathematical
models that process the Effectiveness of the player according to Calero
(2007-2009).
Equations
1 and 2. Effectiveness calculation
Where:
Equation 1 shows the effectiveness (Ef) of j= Player; e= Team; c= Championship
of A= Technical and Tactical actions; MM= More-Less index (Equation 3) of Tn=
Technique chosen in N= Total of Observations. (Calero, 2009)
Where:
Equation 2 obtains Ineffectiveness (Inf) of j= Player; e= Team; c= Championship
of A= Technical and Tactical actions; MM= More-Less index (Equation 3) of Tn=
Technique chosen in N= Total of Observations. (Calero, 2009)
Equation
3
Where:
Equation 1.3 obtains the More-Less index (MM) of j (player); e= Team;
c=Championship of A= Technical and Tactical actions; Tn= Technique
chosen. (Perdomo, 1983; Santana, 1989 and Navelo, 2004)
The
previous equations are complemented to make up the effectiveness concept; these
are integrated to delimit the technical and tactical performance of players and
teams.
The
Quality calculations delimit the variables that have significant influence in
the final performance, modelling a higher amount of them. The formulas presented
eradicate anomalies present in the original models (Calero, 2009). These are
represented by the following mathematical structures:
Equation
4. Serve Mathematical Model
Where:
Equation 4 obtains Quality for Service (s): j= Player; e= Team; c= Championship
of A= A= Technical and Tactical actions; Ts=
Serve technique; in N= Total serve observations.
Note:
The present equation is used in national competitions in order to obtain more
objectivity in the record of the Serve skill. (Calero, 2009)
Equation
5. Block Mathematical Model
Where:
Equation 5 obtains Quality(C) from Block : j=player; e= Team; c= Championship of
A= Technical and Tactical actions; Ts= Block Technique; in N= Total block
observations. (Calero, 2009)
Equation
6. Attack Mathematical Model
Where:
Equation 5 obtains Quality (C) of the Attack (a): j= Player; e= Team; c=
Championship of A= Technical and Tactical actions; Ts= Attack Technique;
in N= Total attack observations. (Calero, 2009)
The
absolute frequencies and the calculations are present in Tables 1 and 3,
available in the first part of the article (Calero, Suárez & Fernández,
2012) which were previously omitted in order to optimize the first part.
Conclusions
As it
was affirmed in the first part, the evaluation scales allow organizing the
numerical values obtained with the mathematical models used, providing and
organizing qualitative values that allow a detailed evaluation of the individual
performance, an aspect that as pedagogical test increases its value.
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