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Introduction

    The circadian cycle occurs through a timing system in an organized manner that regulates the daily rhythms about behavior, physiology and metabolism of the body. It is synchronized according to environmental changes such as light/dark cycle, and thereby coordinates the rhythmic activities of innumerable subordinate clocks in virtually all tissues and organs of the body (SILVER; KRIEGSFELD, 2014).

    Throughout the day, the body undergoes stress changes in demand, and in order to maintain the biological processes regulated and physiologically well-functioning, mechanisms are working on adapting to these ripples. Homeostasis is influenced by endocrine factors in the regulation of both oscillations along 24h, as with responsiveness of target tissues for these signals or stimuli. These daily oscillations occur as endocrine response to behavioral fluctuations associated with sleep, wake, fasting and feeding cycles, being regulated by the circadian clock (GAMBLE et al., 2014).

    Sleep has importance on factors such as growth, maturation, energy balance, appetite, and overall health. Sleep deprivation and its relationship to overweight and obesity occur through biological mechanisms, such as the roles exercised by leptin, ghrelin, insulin, cortisol and growth hormone, because changes in their concentrations can promote weight gain (BOUKHRIS; BRAGANÇA, 2012).

    In physically active people, the role of sleep is no different, it is essential so that the full potential of the individual is reached, because sleep deprivation negatively influences performance on several levels, as in decreased motor capacity, increasing the chance of injuries, slowness in movement and falling energy reserves. Also generates changes in mood, tiredness and anxiety. When there is a sleep deficit, decreases in exercise tolerance and injury can occur with a much lower load training (SOARES, 2011).

    The hormones play important roles, such as the high levels of cortisol that can lead to muscle atrophy and reduced strength, reducing the performance of the exercise by stimulating proteolysis. With physical exercise the body becomes less responsive to stress, which brings beneficial effects on physical and mental health, protecting him from the consequences of chronic stress and related diseases (BUENO; GOUVÊA, 2011). Gamble et al. (2014), mentions that morbidities such as metabolic syndrome and cancer are also precipitated by the irregularity of the circadian cycle, by means of genetic and environmental factors. According to Smith (2011), sleep should be part of the training of sportsmen and athletes plan, like any other component of fitness.

    The present study aimed to evaluate sleep, rest, and the ratio of consumption of hormonal modulators nutrients in a professional gym.

Methods

    This research is characterized as transversal descriptive, made ​​with academy health professionals in south of Brazil.

    The study subjects were selected by the load intense of activity, with fitness and bodybuilding teachers and physical therapists. It was conducted in June 2014, after everyone had agreed to participate in the study voluntarily.

    A semi-structured questionnaire adapted from Million and Hidalgo (2013) with open and closed questions on identification, anthropometry and questions about lessons and exercises practiced, sleep, rest, pain and injury was applied.

    Anthropometric data were self referred, and weight and height were used to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI), classified by the Protocol of the Ministry of Health (BRAZIL, 2008).

    It was also applied a food survey named Recall 24h (R24h) for food intake a day of participants in order to relate the variables with the nutrients ingested.

    The R24h was calculated in Avanutri ® Software version 4.0. The energy requirements of professionals were estimated from EER (NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 2008) with moderate activity factor. The need of macronutrients was based on the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Sports Medicine (SBME, 2009), and the adequacy of micronutrients was calculated individually according to the Recommended Daily Amount (RDA) for gender and age (NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 2011, 2011).

    The data relating to the questionnaire and dietary intake was tabulated in Microsoft Office Excel 2007. To describe quantitative variables it was calculated the mean and standard deviation, minimum and maximum. Categorical variables were description through their absolute frequencies (n) and relative (%).

Results and discussion

    18 professionals from a gym were interviewed, 61% (n = 12) were male and 39% (n = 7) respondents were female, with mean age of 29.5 years (5.85), ranging between 21:46 year old. Had an average of 6.82h (3.76) of work per day. Of research subjects, 72% (n = 13) were teachers and 28% (n = 5) interns and physiotherapists, with an average BMI of 24.22 kg/m2 (2.63), and 44% (n = 8) were considered overweight and 56% (n = 10) as eutrophic (BRAZIL, 2008).

    Although in the present study, the percentage of normal weight and overweight have been similar, unlike what Coelho et al. (2009) when evaluated professional athletes in table tennis, basketball, karate and volleyball, and all had the BMI between 20 and 25, featuring the entire group as eutrophic. However, Ribeiro et al. (2002) states that isolated measures in athletes or sportsmen is not enough to know the true condition of them, being necessary addition to weight and height, skinfold measurements.

    When asked about sleep, the average hours that the respondents slept were 6.07 hours (0.95). Ribeiro and Magalhães (2012) found similar results when evaluated sleep quality of 230 athletes from different sports, noting that the average sleep per night of them was 7 hours and 38 minutes.

    In the present study, the time that the subjects reported that they would choose to wake up to perform their activities, taking only the personal well being into consideration, it was 08:30 (1.05), and to go to bed, 23:30 (1.00), totaling approximately 9 hours of sleep, three more hours than the usual amount.

    Long term changes in sleep time may affect the gastrointestinal tract function and absorption of energy. This decrease of rest plays a significant role in the emergence of diseases because it creates insulin resistance and increases blood pressure, with the possibility of leading to future diseases (MOTA; SANTOS, 2010). The poor quality of sleep also contributes to the development of immunological and mental problems such as depression, anxiety and stress (RIBEIRO; MAGALHÃES, 2012).

    Sleep deprivation can also decrease the concentrations of hormones such as testosterone, however, along with dietary restrictions, may result in increased of serum concentrations of progesterone, and can still produce changes in sexual response (ALVARENGA; TUKIF; ANDERSEN, 2008). The decrease in testosterone levels is related to increased body fat, reduced bone and muscle mass, fatigue, depression and loss of libido (SHIPS, 2010).

    Still on the sleep of the participants, as shown in Table 1, it is observed that most consider to be fairly easy to wake up, do not feel stressed waking up, do not suffers from insomnia and has no interrupted sleep.

Table 1. Sleep-related character from professionals of an academy in southern Brazil

    Table 2 shows the responses of the interviewees in relation to fatigue, sleep and injuries. It appears that the majority (39%) reported having very good appetite on waking. Many teachers do not feel very tired throughout the day (44%), and the greatest moment of exhaustion of them is in the evening (67%). The best moment of well-being was reported in the afternoon (56%), followed by the morning (44%). A smaller part had lesions in the past six months and the vast majority reported never feels cramps (82%).

    Although only 33% of respondents had lesions, according to Barroso and Thiele (2011), lesions are among the most common orthopedic complaints and occur in both athletes and non-athletes. Corroborating with this finding, Rodrigues-Junior and Silva (2014) found a prevalence of 89% of injuries in practicing jiu-jitsu and Gayardo, Matana and Silva (2012) found that among 135 athletes of the National League Futsal, 54.10 % presented lesions.

    The injury prevention should be made through the muscle strengthening and stretching. However, inadequate nutrition is among the main factors for the onset of injury and nutritional counseling is of paramount importance in the treatment and prevention (SARAGIOTTO; PIERRO; LOPES, 2014). It also highlights that stretching exercises, or use of magnesium or vitamin B (12) are suggestions for the improvement of cramps, mainly nocturnal (ALLEN; KIRBY, 2012).

Table 2. Information relating to fatigue, injury and cramps of the teachers interviewed

    The data on the dietary habits of individuals (Table 3) show that half of the respondents had the habit of snacking between meals (50%) considered their eating healthy, but about what could change for better, reported the reduction of quantity of intakes (39%). Also stated in its majority (83%) the desire to eat candy.

    Corroborating with this study, in relation to the consumption of sweets, Couto et al. (2014), in a study with 1233 adolescents about the 10 steps to a healthy diet, observed that the decrease in consumption of sweets and goodies showed the lowest frequency, as only 1.60% of respondents were able to achieve this goal. In addition, taking into account also the consumption of these foods, Zanini et al. (2013) observed that 40% of 624 students surveyed reported having the habit of consuming sweets every day. Zart (2010) points out that high consumption of high sugar and fat foods occurs primarily by factors such as practicality found in fast foods, less time for preparation and ease of acquisition.

    The brain is responsible for controlling feeding behavior and appetite, and for this, some hormones are essential, such as insulin. But beyond the fundamental role of insulin in regulating blood glucose concentrations, it also acts on receptors found on hypothalamus's cells, considered the "command center", influencing in feelings of hunger, greediness, excess weight and satiety (KONNER; BRÜNING, 2011).

Table 3. Data on dietary habits of the subjects in this study

    Regarding dietary intake of the participants, it was observed that among the macronutrients (Table 4), carbohydrate had the highest percentage of inadequacy, followed by protein. It is noteworthy that within the inadequacy of protein, excess prevailed in 44% of respondents. Coelho et al. (2009) and Schneider (2014) found similar results in studies with athletes and physical education professionals, highlighting the high protein intake at the expense of carbohydrates, surpassing the recommendations. Carbohydrate is the main source of energy, and its deficit is correlated with impairments in performance as early fatigue and prolonged post-training (SCHNEIDER, 2014) recovery.

    The consumption of carbohydrates and proteins are efficient to stimulate anabolism, being instrumental in providing a favorable hormonal environment in the processes of re-synthesis of glycogen and protein synthesis (KATER et al., 2011). However, individuals should be aware that increasing protein intake beyond the recommended levels does not lead to further increase in lean mass, because there is a limit to the accumulation of proteins in several tissues (SBME, 2009).

    In the present study, the values ​​for vitamins and minerals (Tables 4 and 5) were below the recommendation in the majority, especially vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium and potassium. In addition, Reis et al. (2011) evaluated the inadequacy of micronutrient intake in women with regular physical activity and also found that the higher prevalence of inadequacy was folic acid (98%), magnesium (86.47), zinc (51.60%) and B6 (43.05%). These data corroborate those found by Coelho et al. (2009) and Schneider (2014), where it was observed low intake of fruits, vegetables, and micronutrient deficits, which are related to the triggering of associated pathologies such as anemia, premature fatigue and increased risk of injury.

Table 4. Consumption and adequacy of macronutrients and vitamins from teachers of an academy in southern Brazil

    The results are troubling, because the micronutrients prevent oxidative stress and the inflammatory process triggered by exercise. The action of free radicals can result in tissue damage or producing of toxic or harmful compounds to tissues (SILVA et al., 2012) which can lead to cancer, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis (REIS et al., 2011).

    Still, nutritional interventions can act on neurotransmitters associated with sleep, including serotonin, melanin, norepinephrine and histamine. Carbohydrates, tryptophan, melatonin and other substances are possible sleep inducers, becoming promising potential interventions (HALSON, 2014). In addition to regulating sleep, serotonin, is involved in appetite, body temperature, anxiety, learning and memory and also serves as a precursor of melatonin, which works on control mechanisms of the circadian rhythm, sleep-wake cycle and modulation of immune response. These hormones can be leveraged through micronutrients like magnesium, B vitamins, vitamin C, calcium and zinc, essential for this synthesis (SHIP, 2010).

Table 5. Minerals consumption and adequacy of teachers from an academy in southern Brazil

    According to Grandner et al. (2014), in addition to the quantity, quality of sleep is also influenced by nutrients. The selenium, calcium and lycopene act facilitating sleep. A low intake of vitamin C is associated to non-restorative sleep. Vitamin D is associated with greater ease in maintaining sleep and potassium with decreased daytime sleepiness.

    In the present study, the amount of fiber intake was also inadequate in 100%. According to Sandri, Bernardi and Siviero (2012), the fibers are important and act preventing constipation, promoting better blood glucose control and cholesterol and reduce risk of certain cancers. According to Naves (2010), approximately 90% of serotonin is found in the gastrointestinal tract, because the reflections of intestinal propulsion are stimulated by serotonin. If the intestine is not functioning well, there is no proper serotonin production, which may lead to the consequences previously mentioned.

Conclusions

    In conclusion, sleep has a primary role in many body functions, influencing metabolism, physiology, behavior, and overall health. Deprivation leads to consequences and in athletes may contribute to the appearance of injuries and lower yield.

    It was found that most respondents were eutrophic, but a large percentage were overweight, however, it is important that to know the real condition of individuals practicing physical activity, calculate the percentage of body fat is important, but was not possible in this study, representing a limitation.

    Excess of protein and low-carbohydrate and micronutrients such as vitamins C and D, Complex B, calcium, magnesium, and potassium was observed in this research. It is important to note that nutrition plays an important role in hormone regulation and physical activity, and some nutrients act in modulating of rest and are essential for good performance, preventing injuries, cramps, improving the performance of individuals and sleep.

    It is stressed the importance of knowledge by academy professionals and practitioners of physical activity on the importance of sleep and food not only in the performance thereof, but on health, quality of life and disease prevention.

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